2.5: Anxiety

Question 1

Anxiety

Answer 1

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of:
1. Emotional
2. Physical
arousal

Question 2

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of emotional and physical arousal.
The emotions include what?

Answer 2

The emotions include:

1. Having worried thoughts
2. Feelings of tension

Question 3

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of emotional and physical arousal.
The emotions include having worried thoughts and feelings of tension.
Physical changes of anxiety include what?

Answer 3

Physical changes of anxiety include:

1. An increased heart rate
2. Sweating

Question 4

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of emotional and physical arousal.
The emotions include having worried thoughts and feelings of tension.
Physical changes of anxiety include an increased heart rate and sweating.
Anxiety is a normal reaction to what situations?

Answer 4

Anxiety is a normal reaction to stressful situations

Question 5

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of emotional and physical arousal.
The emotions include having worried thoughts and feelings of tension.
Physical changes of anxiety include an increased heart rate and sweating.
Anxiety is a normal reaction to stressful situations, but can affect the what of eyewitness testimony?

Answer 5

Anxiety is a normal reaction to stressful situations, but can affect the:
1. Accuracy
2. Detail
of eyewitness testimony

Question 6

Anxiety has strong emotional and physical effects, but it is not clear whether these effects make eyewitness recall better or worse, because there is what?

Answer 6

Anxiety has strong emotional and physical effects, but it is not clear whether these effects make eyewitness recall:
1. Better
Or,
2. Worse
,because there is research to support both possibilities

Question 7

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses what?

Answer 7

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios

Question 8

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no what?

Answer 8

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses

Question 9

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as what?

Answer 9

Real life events, however, such as violent crimes

Question 10

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high what content that can greatly affect recall?

Answer 10

Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall

Question 11

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is what?

Answer 11

One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed

Question 12

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Who (what year) argued for the what effect?

Answer 12

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect’

Question 13

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby what?

Answer 13

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack

Question 14

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack, rather than what?

Answer 14

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on:
1. More central details of the attack
,rather than:
2. The more peripheral details

Question 15

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example what), rather than the more peripheral details.

Answer 15

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on:
1. More central details of the attack (for example the weapon)
,rather than:
2. The more peripheral details

Question 16

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what)?

Answer 16

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on:
1. More central details of the attack (for example the weapon)
,rather than:
2. The more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like)

Question 17

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like, as in the details of what)?

Answer 17

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like, as in the details of their:

1. Facial structure
2. Clothes and shoes)

Question 18

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like, as in the details of their facial structure, like what, and their clothes and shoes)?

Answer 18

Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like, as in the details of their:

1. Facial structure, like their chin, jaw and cheekbones
2. Clothes and shoes)

Question 19

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like, as in the details of their facial structure, like their chin, jaw and cheekbones, and their clothes and shoes).
Witnesses to violent crimes focus on what, rather than what?

Answer 19

Witnesses to violent crimes focus on the:
1. Weapon being used
,rather than
2. Culprit’s face

Question 20

A main criticism of EWT research is that it often uses artificial scenarios that have no emotional involvement for witnesses.
Real life events, however, such as violent crimes, often have a high anxiety content that can greatly affect recall.
One area of special interest is the degree to which anxiety might divert attention away from the important aspects of an event being witnessed.
Loftus et al. (1987) argued for the ‘weapon-focus effect,’ whereby in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (for example the weapon), rather than the more peripheral details (for example what else was going on and what the perpetrator looked like, as in the details of their facial structure, like their chin, jaw and cheekbones, and their clothes and shoes).
Witnesses to violent crimes focus on the weapon being used, rather than the culprit’s face, negatively affecting what?

Answer 20

Witnesses to violent crimes focus on the:
1. Weapon being used
,rather than
2. Culprit’s face
,negatively affecting the ability to recall important details

Question 21

Psychologists have performed lots of research, using both what, to identify the ways in which anxiety affects EWT?

Answer 21

Psychologists have performed lots of research, using both:
1. Laboratory studies
2. Real-life events
,to identify the ways in which anxiety affects EWT

Question 22

Anxiety creates what in the body?

Answer 22

Anxiety creates physiological arousal in the body

Question 23

Anxiety creates physiological arousal in the body, that does what?

Answer 23

Anxiety creates physiological arousal in the body, that prevents us paying attention to important cues

Question 24

Anxiety creates physiological arousal in the body, that prevents us paying attention to important cues, so recall is what?

Answer 24

Anxiety creates physiological arousal in the body, that prevents us paying attention to important cues, so recall is worse

Question 25

The what hypothesis (IUH)?

Answer 25

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH)

Question 26

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH)

Answer 26

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH) is a description of the relationship between:

1. Emotional arousal
2. Performance

Question 27

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH) is a description of the relationship between emotional arousal and performance.
According to Yerkes and Dodson (1908), the relationship between emotional arousal and performance looks like an ‘inverted U.’
Who (what year) used the IUH to explain what?

Answer 27

Deffenbacher (1983) used the IUH to explain how anxiety levels affect the accuracy of recall of events experienced

Question 28

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH) is a description of the relationship between emotional arousal and performance.
According to Yerkes and Dodson (1908), the relationship between emotional arousal and performance looks like an ‘inverted U.’
Deffenbacher (1983) used the IUH to explain how anxiety levels affect the accuracy of recall of events experienced.
The IUH sees moderate amounts of anxiety as doing what?

Answer 28

The IUH sees moderate amounts of anxiety as improving the:
1. Detail
2. Accuracy
of memory recall up to an optimum (best) point

Question 29

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH) is a description of the relationship between emotional arousal and performance.
According to Yerkes and Dodson (1908), the relationship between emotional arousal and performance looks like an ‘inverted U.’
Deffenbacher (1983) used the IUH to explain how anxiety levels affect the accuracy of recall of events experienced.
The IUH sees moderate amounts of anxiety as improving the detail and accuracy of memory recall up to an optimum (best) point, after which further increases in anxiety lead to what?

Answer 29

The IUH sees moderate amounts of anxiety as improving the detail and accuracy of memory recall up to an optimum (best) point, after which further increases in anxiety lead to a decline in the:
1. Detail
2. Accuracy
of recall

Question 30

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH) is a description of the relationship between emotional arousal and performance.
According to Yerkes and Dodson (1908), the relationship between emotional arousal and performance looks like an ‘inverted U.’
Deffenbacher (1983) used the IUH to explain how anxiety levels affect the accuracy of recall of events experienced.
The IUH sees moderate amounts of anxiety as improving the detail and accuracy of memory recall up to an optimum (best) point, after which further increases in anxiety lead to a decline in the detail and accuracy of recall.
The findings of research have been used to investigate whether this is true, though it is difficult to reach what?

Answer 30

The findings of research have been used to investigate whether this is true, though it is difficult to reach any firm conclusions

Question 31

The Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis (IUH) is a description of the relationship between emotional arousal and performance.
According to who (what year), the relationship between emotional arousal and performance looks like what?

Answer 31

According to Yerkes and Dodson (1908), the relationship between:
1. Emotional arousal
2. Performance
looks like an ‘inverted U’

Question 32

Repression has also been offered up as what?

Answer 32

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall

Question 33

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall.
Who (what year) argued that anxiety hinders what?

Answer 33

Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories

Question 34

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall.
Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories, because he saw forgetting as what?

Answer 34

Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories, because he saw forgetting as being motivated by the traumatic content of memories

Question 35

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall.
Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories, because he saw forgetting as being motivated by the traumatic content of memories.
What would be barred?

Answer 35

Access to the memories would be barred

Question 36

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall.
Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories, because he saw forgetting as being motivated by the traumatic content of memories.
Access to the memories would be barred, so as to do what?

Answer 36

Access to the memories would be barred, so as to protect individuals from the emotional distress they would cause

Question 37

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall.
Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories, because he saw forgetting as being motivated by the traumatic content of memories.
Access to the memories would be barred, so as to protect individuals from the emotional distress they would cause.
Research evidence is not without what?

Answer 37

Research evidence is not without criticism

Question 38

Repression has also been offered up as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall.
Freud (1894) argued that anxiety hinders the recall of memories, because he saw forgetting as being motivated by the traumatic content of memories.
Access to the memories would be barred, so as to protect individuals from the emotional distress they would cause.
Research evidence is not without criticism and some would argue whether what?

Answer 38

Research evidence is not without criticism and some would argue whether the concept actually exists in reality

Question 39

Who (what year) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the weapon rather than the person’s face?

Answer 39

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the:
1. Weapon
rather than
2. Person’s face

Question 40

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the weapon rather than person’s face, negatively affecting what?

Answer 40

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the:
1. Weapon
rather than
2. Person’s face
,negatively affecting their ability to recall facial details of armed criminals

Question 41

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the weapon rather than person’s face, negatively affecting their ability to recall facial details of armed criminals, supporting the idea that what?

Answer 41

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the:
1. Weapon
rather than
2. Person’s face
,negatively affecting their ability to recall facial details of armed criminals, supporting the idea that anxiety can divert attention from important features of a situation

Question 42

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the weapon rather than person’s face, negatively affecting their ability to recall facial details of armed criminals, supporting the idea that anxiety can divert attention from important features of a situation, in line with what?

Answer 42

Loftus et al. (1987) found that if a person is carrying a weapon, then witnesses focus on the:
1. Weapon
rather than
2. Person’s face
,negatively affecting their ability to recall facial details of armed criminals, supporting the idea that anxiety can divert attention from important features of a situation, in line with the weapon-focus effect

Question 43

Who (what year) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies?

Answer 43

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies

Question 44

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining what?

Answer 44

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT

Question 45

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding what?

Answer 45

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses

Question 46

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can do what?

Answer 46

This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation

Question 47

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, who (what year) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies?

Answer 47

Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies

Question 48

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding what?

Answer 48

Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence

Question 49

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to what?

Answer 49

Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall

Question 50

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall, suggesting what?

Answer 50

Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall, suggesting that anxiety-creating situations don’t always divert attention from important features of a situation

Question 51

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall, suggesting that anxiety-creating situations don’t always divert attention from important features of a situation.
Christianson and Hubinette found that those real victims who had actually been what were more accurate in their recall?

Answer 51

Christianson and Hubinette found that those real victims who had actually been threatened were more accurate in their recall

Question 52

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall, suggesting that anxiety-creating situations don’t always divert attention from important features of a situation.
Christianson and Hubinette found that those real victims who had actually been threatened were more accurate in their recall, compared to those who were what?

Answer 52

Christianson and Hubinette found that those real victims who had actually been threatened were more accurate in their recall, compared to those who were onlookers

Question 53

Deffenbacher (1983) performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety in the accuracy of EWT, finding that heightened anxiety tended to negatively affect the memory of eyewitnesses.
This again suggests that anxiety can divert attention away from important features of a situation.
However, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies, finding contradictory evidence, in that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall, suggesting that anxiety-creating situations don’t always divert attention from important features of a situation.
Christianson and Hubinette found that those real victims who had actually been threatened were more accurate in their recall, compared to those who were onlookers.
This continued to be true when?

Answer 53

This continued to be true 15 months later

Question 54

Who (what year) produced moderate anxiety in participants?

Answer 54

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants

Question 55

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by doing what?

Answer 55

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks

Question 56

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of what was superior to participants with lower anxiety?

Answer 56

1. Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video
   was superior to
2. Participants with lower anxiety

Question 57

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by what?

Answer 57

1. Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video
   was superior to
2. Participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes

Question 58

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
What does this imply?

Answer 58

This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH

Question 59

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH.
Who (what year) provided further support?

Answer 59

Peters (1988) provided further support

Question 60

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH.
Peters (1988) provided further support by testing who?

Answer 60

Peters (1988) provided further support by testing people attending their local health clinic for an injection

Question 61

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH.
Peters (1988) provided further support by testing people attending their local health clinic for an injection.
During the visit, they met who for equal amounts of time?

Answer 61

During the visit, they met a:
1. Nurse
2. Researcher
for equal periods of time

Question 62

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH.
Peters (1988) provided further support by testing people attending their local health clinic for an injection.
During the visit, they met a nurse, who gave them what, and a researcher for equal amounts of time?

Answer 62

During the visit, they met a:
1. Nurse, who gave them the injection
2. Researcher
for equal periods of time

Question 63

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH.
Peters (1988) provided further support by testing people attending their local health clinic for an injection.
During the visit, they met a nurse, who gave them the injection, and a researcher for equal amounts of time.
Later on, using what, the researcher proved what?

Answer 63

Later on, using photographs, the researcher proved easier to recognise than the nurse

Question 64

Ginet and Verkampt (2007) produced moderate anxiety in participants by telling them that fake electrodes attached to them would give electric shocks.
Their recall of minor details of a traffic accident viewed on video was superior to participants with lower anxiety, produced by being told that the fake electrodes were purely for recording purposes.
This implies that moderate anxiety does increase EWT in line with IUH.
Peters (1988) provided further support by testing people attending their local health clinic for an injection.
During the visit, they met a nurse, who gave them the injection, and a researcher for equal amounts of time.
Later on, using photographs, the researcher proved easier to recognise than the nurse, suggesting what?

Answer 64

Later on, using photographs, the researcher proved easier to recognise than the nurse, suggesting that the heightened anxiety levels due to the injection led to a decrease in memory accuracy

Question 65

Witnessing what often has much more emotional impact than a laboratory study?

Answer 65

Witnessing a real life incident often has much more of an emotional impact than a laboratory study

Question 66

Who (what year) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events?

Answer 66

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events

Question 67

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events recalled what?

Answer 67

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events recalled less details

Question 68

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events recalled less details from where?

Answer 68

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events recalled less details from the edge of a scene

Question 69

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events recalled less details from the edge of a scene than participants witnessing what?

Answer 69

Oue et al. (2001) found that:
1. Participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events
recalled less details from the edge of a scene than
2. Participants witnessing emotionally neutral events

Question 70

Oue et al. (2001) found that participants who were anxious from viewing emotionally negative events recalled less details from the edge of a scene than participants witnessing emotionally neutral events.
What does this suggest?

Answer 70

This suggests that anxiety reduces witnesses’ fields of view

Question 71

Who (what year) found participants were less able to recall what than what words?

Answer 71

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall:
1. Stressful words
than
2. Non-stressful words

Question 72

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall stressful words than non-stressful words, giving support to what?

Answer 72

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall:
1. Stressful words
than
2. Non-stressful words
,giving support to Freud’s concept of repression

Question 73

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall stressful words than non-stressful words, giving support to Freud’s concept of repression.
However, who (what year) found that stressful words were what?

Answer 73

Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled

Question 74

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall stressful words than non-stressful words, giving support to Freud’s concept of repression.
However, Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled, as they were more what?

Answer 74

Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled, as they were more memorable

Question 75

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall stressful words than non-stressful words, giving support to Freud’s concept of repression.
However, Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled, as they were more memorable, suggesting what?

Answer 75

Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled, as they were more memorable, suggesting that repression may occur in some instances

Question 76

Koehler et al. (2002) found participants were less able to recall stressful words than non-stressful words, giving support to Freud’s concept of repression.
However, Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled, as they were more memorable, suggesting that repression may occur in some instances, but not how?

Answer 76

Hadley and MacKay (2006) found that stressful words were better recalled, as they were more memorable, suggesting that repression may occur:
1. In some instances
,but
2. Not always

Question 77

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of what (which create anxiety) on what?

Answer 77

One approach to studying:
1. Anxiety
2. Eyewitness testimony (EWT)
has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness

Question 78

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Who (what year) did research on this?

Answer 78

Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this

Question 79

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to do what?

Answer 79

They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study

Question 80

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated where, participants heard what?

Answer 80

While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room

Question 81

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, what happened?

Answer 81

In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then:

1. Walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen
2. With grease on his hands

Question 82

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by what?

Answer 82

Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass

Question 83

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass.
Then, what happened?

Answer 83

Then, a man walked out of the room, holding a paper knife that was covered in blood

Question 84

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass.
Then, a man walked out of the room, holding a paper knife that was covered in blood.
This was the what condition?

Answer 84

This was the ‘high-anxiety’ condition

Question 85

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass.
Then, a man walked out of the room, holding a paper knife that was covered in blood.
This was the ‘high-anxiety’ condition.
The findings of this study are that the participants later did what?

Answer 85

The findings of this study are that the participants later picked out the man from a set of 50 photos

Question 86

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass.
Then, a man walked out of the room, holding a paper knife that was covered in blood.
This was the ‘high-anxiety’ condition.
The findings of this study are that the participants later picked out the man from a set of 50 photos.
What % of the participants who had seen the man carrying the what were able to identify him?

Answer 86

49% of the participants who had seen the man carrying the pen were able to identify him

Question 87

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass.
Then, a man walked out of the room, holding a paper knife that was covered in blood.
This was the ‘high-anxiety’ condition.
The findings of this study are that the participants later picked out the man from a set of 50 photos.
49% of the participants who had seen the man carrying the pen were able to identify him.
The corresponding figure for the participants who had seen the man holding the what was just what?

Answer 87

The corresponding figure for the participants who had seen the man holding the blood-covered knife was just 33%

Question 88

One approach to studying anxiety and eyewitness testimony (EWT) has been to look at the effect of weapons (which create anxiety) on accuracy of recall of the witness.
Johnson and Scott (1976) did research on this.
They led participants to believe that they were going to take part in a laboratory study.
While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room.
In the ‘low-anxiety’ condition, a man then walked through the waiting area, carrying a pen and with grease on his hands.
Other participants overheard the same heated argument, but this time accompanied by the sound of breaking glass.
Then, a man walked out of the room, holding a paper knife that was covered in blood.
This was the ‘high-anxiety’ condition.
The findings of this study are that the participants later picked out the man from a set of 50 photos.
49% of the participants who had seen the man carrying the pen were able to identify him.
The corresponding figure for the participants who had seen the man holding the blood-covered knife was just 33%.
The what theory of memory argues that a witness’ attention narrows to focus on a weapon, because it is what?

Answer 88

The tunnel theory of memory argues that a witness’ attention narrows to focus on a weapon, because it is a source of anxiety

Question 89

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The what is triggered?

Answer 89

The fight-or-flight response is triggered

Question 90

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which does what?

Answer 90

The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which:

1. Increases our alertness
2. Improves our memory for the event

Question 91

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more what?

Answer 91

The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which:
1. Increases our alertness
2. Improves our memory for the event
,because we become more aware of cues in the situation

Question 92

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Who (what year) conducted a study of a real life shooting where?

Answer 92

Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop

Question 93

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop where?

Answer 93

Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada

Question 94

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had done what?

Answer 94

The shop owner had shot a thief dead

Question 95

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
How many witnesses were there?

Answer 95

There were 21 witnesses

Question 96

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
How many agreed to take part in the study?

Answer 96

13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study

Question 97

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held when?

Answer 97

The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident

Question 98

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with what?

Answer 98

The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting

Question 99

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by what?

Answer 99

Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account

Question 100

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate what?

Answer 100

The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident

Question 101

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a what scale?

Answer 101

The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale

Question 102

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked what?

Answer 102

The witnesses:

1. Were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale
2. Asked if they had any emotional problems since the event

Question 103

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as what?

Answer 103

The witnesses:

1. Were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale
2. Asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness

Question 104

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness.
The findings of this study are that the witnesses were what?

Answer 104

The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts

Question 105

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness.
The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little what after 5 months?

Answer 105

The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the:
1. Amount
Or,
2. Accuracy
after 5 months

Question 106

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness.
The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the amount or accuracy after 5 months, though some details were what?

Answer 106

The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the:
1. Amount
Or,
2. Accuracy
after 5 months, though some details were less accurate

Question 107

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness.
The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the amount or accuracy after 5 months, though some details were less accurate, such as what?

Answer 107

The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the amount or accuracy after 5 months, though some details were less accurate, such as:

1. Recollection of the colour of items
2. Age/height/weight estimates

Question 108

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness.
The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the amount or accuracy after 5 months, though some details were less accurate, such as recollection of the colour of items and age/height/weight estimates.
Those participants who reported the highest levels of stress were what?

Answer 108

Those participants who reported the highest levels of stress were most accurate

Question 109

The stress of witnessing a crime or accident creates anxiety through physiological arousal within the body.
The fight-or-flight response is triggered, which increases our alertness and improves our memory for the event, because we become more aware of cues in the situation.
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conducted a study of a real life shooting in a gun shop in Vancouver, Canada.
The shop owner had shot a thief dead.
There were 21 witnesses.
13 witnesses agreed to take part in the study.
The interviews were held 4 - 5 months after the incident and these were compared with the original police interviews made at the time of the shooting.
Accuracy was determined by the number of details reported in each account.
The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale, and asked if they had any emotional problems since the event, such as sleeplessness.
The findings of this study are that the witnesses were very accurate in their accounts and there was little change in the amount or accuracy after 5 months, though some details were less accurate, such as recollection of the colour of items and age/height/weight estimates.
Those participants who reported the highest levels of stress were most accurate (about what % compared to what % for the less-stressed group)?

Answer 109

Those participants who reported the highest levels of stress were most accurate (about 88% compared to 75% for the less-stressed group)

Question 110

One problem with many laboratory-based and real life studies of anxiety is that they only do what?

Answer 110

One problem with many:
1. Laboratory-based
2. Real life studies
of anxiety is that they only compare high and low anxiety groups

Question 111

One problem with many laboratory-based and real life studies of anxiety is that they only compare high and low anxiety groups.
What theory cannot be properly tested?

Answer 111

The inverted U theory cannot be properly tested

Question 112

One problem with many laboratory-based and real life studies of anxiety is that they only compare high and low anxiety groups.
The inverted U theory cannot be properly tested, unless what?

Answer 112

The inverted U theory cannot be properly tested, unless there is a moderate anxiety group as well

Question 113

Evaluation:

The weapon focus effect may not be what?

Answer 113

The weapon focus effect may not be relevant

Question 114

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by who on the weapon focus effect may test what rather than anxiety?

Answer 114

The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test:
1. Surprise
rather than
2. Anxiety

Question 115

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are what?

Answer 115

The reason participants focus on the weapon may be:
1. Because they are surprised at what they see
,rather than
2. Because they are scared

Question 116

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Who (what year) conducted an experiment using what?

Answer 116

Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using:
1. Scissors
2. A handgun
3. A wallet
Or,
4. A raw chicken

Question 117

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as what?

Answer 117

Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using:
1. Scissors
2. A handgun
3. A wallet
Or,
4. A raw chicken
as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video

Question 118

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video (where scissors would be low what?)

Answer 118

Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video (where scissors would be:

1. Low anxiety
2. Low unusualness

Question 119

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video (where scissors would be low anxiety and low unusualness).
What was significantly poorer in the high unusualness conditions?

Answer 119

Eyewitness accuracy was significantly poorer in the high unusualness conditions

Question 120

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video (where scissors would be low anxiety and low unusualness).
Eyewitness accuracy was significantly poorer in the high unusualness conditions (what)?

Answer 120

Eyewitness accuracy was significantly poorer in the high unusualness conditions

1. (The handgun
2. The raw chicken)

Question 121

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video (where scissors would be low anxiety and low unusualness).
Eyewitness accuracy was significantly poorer in the high unusualness conditions (the handgun and the raw chicken).
What does this suggest?

Answer 121

This suggests that the weapon focus effect is due to:
1. Unusualness
rather than
2. Anxiety/threat

Question 122

Evaluation:
The weapon focus effect may not be relevant.
The study by Johnson and Scott on the weapon focus effect may test surprise rather than anxiety.
The reason participants focus on the weapon may be because they are surprised at what they see, rather than because they are scared.
Pickel (1998) conducted an experiment using scissors, a handgun, a wallet or a raw chicken as the hand-held items in a hairdressing salon video (where scissors would be low anxiety and low unusualness).
Eyewitness accuracy was significantly poorer in the high unusualness conditions (the handgun and the raw chicken).
This suggests that the weapon focus effect is due to unusualness rather than anxiety/threat and therefore tells us nothing specifically about what?

Answer 122

This:

1. Suggests that the weapon focus effect is due to unusualness rather than anxiety/threat
2. Therefore tells us nothing specifically about the effects of anxiety on eyewitness testimony

Question 123

Evaluation:

Field studies sometimes lack what?

Answer 123

Field studies sometimes lack control

Question 124

Evaluation:
Field studies sometimes lack control.
Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses when?

Answer 124

Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses some time after the event

Question 125

Evaluation:
Field studies sometimes lack control.
Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses some time after the event.
What will have happened to the participants in the meantime that the researchers have no control over?

Answer 125

All sorts of things will have happened to the participants in the meantime that the researchers have no control over

Question 126

Evaluation:
Field studies sometimes lack control.
Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses some time after the event.
All sorts of things will have happened to the participants in the meantime that the researchers have no control over.
Examples

Answer 126

For example:

1. Discussions with other people about the event
2. Accounts they may have read or seen in the media
3. The effects of being interviewed by the police

Question 127

Evaluation:
Field studies sometimes lack control.
Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses some time after the event.
All sorts of things will have happened to the participants in the meantime that the researchers have no control over.
For example, discussions with other people about the event, accounts they may have read or seen in the media and the effects of being interviewed by the police.
What is this?

Answer 127

This is post-event discussion

Question 128

Evaluation:
Field studies sometimes lack control.
Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses some time after the event.
All sorts of things will have happened to the participants in the meantime that the researchers have no control over.
This is a limitation of field research, because it is possible that these what may be responsible for the accuracy of recall?

Answer 128

This is a limitation of field research, because it is possible that these extraneous variables may be responsible for the accuracy of recall

Question 129

Evaluation:

There are what issues?

Answer 129

There are ethical issues

Question 130

Evaluation:
There are ethical issues.
Creating anxiety in participants is very what?

Answer 130

Creating anxiety in participants is very risky

Question 131

Evaluation:
There are ethical issues.
Creating anxiety in participants is very risky.
Why is it potentially unethical?

Answer 131

It is potentially unethical, because it may subject people to psychological harm

Question 132

Evaluation:
There are ethical issues.
Creating anxiety in participants is very risky.
It is potentially unethical, because it may subject people to psychological harm, purely for what?

Answer 132

It is potentially unethical, because it may subject people to psychological harm, purely for the purposes of research

Question 133

Evaluation:
There are ethical issues.
Creating anxiety in participants is very risky.
It is potentially unethical, because it may subject people to psychological harm, purely for the purposes of research.
This is why what are so beneficial?

Answer 133

This is why real-life studies are so beneficial

Question 134

Evaluation:
There are ethical issues.
Creating anxiety in participants is very risky.
It is potentially unethical, because it may subject people to psychological harm, purely for the purposes of research.
This is why real-life studies are so beneficial, because psychologists interview people who have already witnessed a real-life event, so there is no need to do what?

Answer 134

This is why real-life studies are so beneficial, because psychologists interview people who have already witnessed a real-life event, so there is no need to create it

Question 135

Evaluation:
There are ethical issues.
Creating anxiety in participants is very risky.
It is potentially unethical, because it may subject people to psychological harm, purely for the purposes of research.
This is why real-life studies are so beneficial, because psychologists interview people who have already witnessed a real-life event, so there is no need to create it.
This issue doesn’t challenge the findings from studies such as Johnson and Scott’s, but it does question what?

Answer 135

This issue:
1. Doesn’t challenge the findings from studies such as Johnson and Scott’s
,but:
2. It does question the need for such research

Question 136

Evaluation:

The inverted U explanation is too what?

Answer 136

The inverted U explanation is too simplistic

Question 137

Evaluation:
The inverted U explanation is too simplistic.
Anxiety is very difficult to do what accurately?

Answer 137

Anxiety is very difficult to:
1. Define
2. Measure
accurately

Question 138

Evaluation:
The inverted U explanation is too simplistic.
Anxiety is very difficult to define and measure accurately.
One reason for this is that it has many what?

Answer 138

One reason for this is that anxiety has many elements:

1. Cognitive
2. Behavioural
3. Emotional

Question 139

Evaluation:
The inverted U explanation is too simplistic.
Anxiety is very difficult to define and measure accurately.
One reason for this is that anxiety has many elements - Cognitive, behavioural and emotional.
However, the inverted U explanation assumes what?

Answer 139

The inverted U explanation assumes that only one of these is linked to poor performance

Question 140

Evaluation:
The inverted U explanation is too simplistic.
Anxiety is very difficult to define and measure accurately.
One reason for this is that anxiety has many elements - Cognitive, behavioural and emotional.
However, the inverted U explanation assumes that only one of these is linked to poor performance - what?

Answer 140

The inverted U explanation assumes that only one of these is linked to poor performance - physiological (physical) arousal

Question 141

Evaluation:
The inverted U explanation is too simplistic.
Anxiety is very difficult to define and measure accurately.
One reason for this is that anxiety has many elements - Cognitive, behavioural and emotional.
However, the inverted U explanation assumes that only one of these is linked to poor performance - physiological (physical) arousal.
The inverted U theory is an incomplete explanation of how anxiety affects eyewitness testimony, because there is more to the relationship between anxiety and eyewitness testimony than just what, for instance?

Answer 141

The inverted U theory is an incomplete explanation of how anxiety affects eyewitness testimony, because there is more to the relationship between:
1. Anxiety
2. Eyewitness testimony
than just physiological arousal, for instance

Question 142

Evaluation:

Most laboratory studies show participants a what crime?

Answer 142

Most laboratory studies show participants a:
1. Filmed
2. Usually staged
crime

Question 143

Evaluation:
Most laboratory studies show participants a filmed and usually staged crime.
Most of these participants will be aware they are what?

Answer 143

Most of these participants will be aware they are watching a filmed crime for a reason to do with the study

Question 144

Evaluation:
Most laboratory studies show participants a filmed and usually staged crime.
Most of these participants will be aware they are watching a filmed crime for a reason to do with the study.
The chances are the most of them will work out for themselves that they are going to be what?

Answer 144

The chances are the most of them will work out for themselves that they are going to be asked questions about what they have seen

Question 145

Evaluation:

Care must be taken with studies of anxiety and EWT, because, by their very nature, what could such studies produce?

Answer 145

Care must be taken with studies of anxiety and EWT, because, by their very nature, such studies could produce potentially high levels of psychological harm