3.2: Other research

Question 1

Who (what year) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months?

Answer 1

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for:
1. 3
2. 6
3. 12
Or,
4. 24
months

Question 2

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
What did these monkeys display signs of?

Answer 2

These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance

Question 3

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, doing what?

Answer 3

These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance:

1. Hugging their own bodies
2. Rocking repetitively

Question 4

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were what and had no what?

Answer 4

When eventually placed with other monkeys, they:

1. Were fearful of them
2. Had no social interactions

Question 5

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to do what?

Answer 5

When eventually placed with other monkeys, they:

1. Were fearful of them
2. Had no social interactions, other than to attack them

Question 6

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
What did they also do?

Answer 6

They also harmed themselves

Question 7

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, doing what?

Answer 7

They also harmed themselves:

1. Biting their arms and legs
2. Pulling out their hair

Question 8

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, biting their arms and legs and pulling out their hair.
What did the degree of damage correlate positively with?

Answer 8

The degree of damage correlated positively with the amount of total isolation a monkey had endured

Question 9

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, biting their arms and legs and pulling out their hair.
The degree of damage correlated positively with the amount of total isolation a monkey had endured.
These monkeys, when adult, seemed to have no ability to engage in what?

Answer 9

These monkeys, when adult, seemed to have no ability to engage in sexual courtship

Question 10

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, biting their arms and legs and pulling out their hair.
The degree of damage correlated positively with the amount of total isolation a monkey had endured.
These monkeys, when adult, seemed to have no ability to engage in sexual courtship.
Harlow, keen to see how they would cope as parents, devised what?

Answer 10

Harlow, keen to see how they would cope as parents, devised an apparatus he called a ‘rape rack’ to which female monkeys raised in isolation would be:

1. Tied
2. Forcibly mated

Question 11

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, biting their arms and legs and pulling out their hair.
The degree of damage correlated positively with the amount of total isolation a monkey had endured.
These monkeys, when adult, seemed to have no ability to engage in sexual courtship.
Harlow, keen to see how they would cope as parents, devised an apparatus he called a ‘rape rack’ to which female monkeys raised in isolation would be tied and forcibly mated.
As parents, they were awful, doing what?

Answer 11

As parents, they were awful:
1. Abusing
2. Neglecting
their babies

Question 12

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, biting their arms and legs and pulling out their hair.
The degree of damage correlated positively with the amount of total isolation a monkey had endured.
These monkeys, when adult, seemed to have no ability to engage in sexual courtship.
Harlow, keen to see how they would cope as parents, devised an apparatus he called a ‘rape rack’ to which female monkeys raised in isolation would be tied and forcibly mated.
As parents, they were awful, abusing and neglecting their babies.
Example

Answer 12

For example, one mother crushed her baby’s head to a pulp

Question 13

Harlow et al. (1965) raised newborn monkeys in total isolation from other living beings for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months.
These monkeys displayed signs of psychological disturbance, hugging their own bodies and rocking repetitively.
When eventually placed with other monkeys, they were fearful of them and had no social interactions, other than to attack them.
They also harmed themselves, biting their arms and legs and pulling out their hair.
The degree of damage correlated positively with the amount of total isolation a monkey had endured.
These monkeys, when adult, seemed to have no ability to engage in sexual courtship.
Harlow, keen to see how they would cope as parents, devised an apparatus he called a ‘rape rack’ to which female monkeys raised in isolation would be tied and forcibly mated.
As parents, they were awful, abusing and neglecting their babies.
For example, one mother crushed her baby’s head to a pulp.
What do the findings suggest?

Answer 13

The findings suggest that social interactions are essential for normal:
1. Social
2. Emotional
development to occur

Question 14

The findings of Harlow et al’s (1965) study suggest that social interactions are essential for normal social and emotional development to occur.
Who (what year) raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months and then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey?

Answer 14

Harlow and Suomi (1972):

1. Raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months
2. Then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey

Question 15

The findings of Harlow et al’s (1965) study suggest that social interactions are essential for normal social and emotional development to occur.
Harlow and Suomi (1972) raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months and then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for how long?

Answer 15

Harlow and Suomi (1972):

1. Raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months
2. Then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for 2 hours 3 times a week

Question 16

The findings of Harlow et al’s (1965) study suggest that social interactions are essential for normal social and emotional development to occur.
Harlow and Suomi (1972) raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months and then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for 2 hours 3 times a week, gradually doing what?

Answer 16

Harlow and Suomi (1972):

1. Raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months
2. Then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for 2 hours 3 times a week, gradually increasing the amount of contact time

Question 17

The findings of Harlow et al’s (1965) study suggest that social interactions are essential for normal social and emotional development to occur.
Harlow and Suomi (1972) raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months and then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for 2 hours 3 times a week, gradually increasing the amount of contact time.
After 12 months, what happened?

Answer 17

After 12 months, their behaviour was almost normal

Question 18

The findings of Harlow et al’s (1965) study suggest that social interactions are essential for normal social and emotional development to occur.
Harlow and Suomi (1972) raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months and then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for 2 hours 3 times a week, gradually increasing the amount of contact time.
After 12 months, their behaviour was almost normal and by 3 years old, what happened?

Answer 18

After 12 months, their behaviour was almost normal and by 3 years old, they:

1. Had totally recovered
2. Were able to live among normally raised monkeys

Question 19

The findings of Harlow et al’s (1965) study suggest that social interactions are essential for normal social and emotional development to occur.
Harlow and Suomi (1972) raised 4 newborn male monkeys in total isolation for 6 months and then placed each one with a normally raised 3 month old female ‘therapist’ monkey for 2 hours 3 times a week, gradually increasing the amount of contact time.
After 12 months, their behaviour was almost normal and by 3 years old, they had totally recovered and were able to live among normally raised monkeys.
What does this suggest?

Answer 19

This suggests that the effects of total isolation are reversible

Question 20

Evaluation:

Harlow’s isolation studies influenced who?

Answer 20

Harlow’s isolation studies influenced Bowlby

Question 21

Evaluation:

Harlow’s isolation studies influenced Bowlby in doing what?

Answer 21

Harlow’s isolation studies influenced Bowlby in devising his maternal deprivation hypothesis

Question 22

Evaluation:

Harlow’s isolation studies influenced Bowlby in devising his maternal deprivation hypothesis, where he saw what?

Answer 22

Harlow’s isolation studies influenced Bowlby in devising his maternal deprivation hypothesis, where he saw any disruption of the attachment bond as having serious, irreversible effects

Question 23

Evaluation:
Who (what year), a student of Harlow’s, believes that Harlow’s research was so unjustifiably unethical that what was born out of it?

Answer 23

Sackett (2002), a student of Harlow’s, believes that Harlow’s research was so unjustifiably unethical that the American animal liberation movement was born out of it

Question 24

Harlow’s research raises serious ethical concerns as to the degree of harm it caused to monkeys, many of whom died.
Harlow’s wife died in 1971 from cancer, plummeting him into severe depression (treated with electroconvulsive therapy, ECT), after which he developed a morbid interest in the origins of mental illness, which may explain his what?

Answer 24

Harlow’s wife died in 1971 from cancer, plummeting him into severe depression (treated with electroconvulsive therapy, ECT), after which he developed a morbid interest in the origins of mental illness, which may explain his:

1. Isolation studies
2. Inability to see the degree of harm they were causing