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A Level AQA Psychology COPY > 4.4: Treating depression > Flashcards

4.4: Treating depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression?

A

CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression

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2
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):

CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and what is it based on?

A

CBT is:

  1. The main psychological treatment used to help treat depression
  2. Based on the cognitive model
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3
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees what?

A

CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes

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4
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes.
What is the idea behind CBT?

A 
The idea behind CBT is that:
1. Beliefs
2. Expectations
3. Cognitive assessments
of the self, the environment and the nature of personal problems affect how individuals perceive themselves and others, how problems are approached and how successful individuals are in coping and reaching goal
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5
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes.
The idea behind CBT is that beliefs, expectations and cognitive assessments of the self, the environment and the nature of personal problems affect how individuals perceive themselves and others, how problems are approached and how successful individuals are in coping and reaching goal.
Therefore, what does CBT assist patients to do?

A

Therefore, CBT assists patients to:

  1. Identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts
  2. Alter them
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6
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes.
The idea behind CBT is that beliefs, expectations and cognitive assessments of the self, the environment and the nature of personal problems affect how individuals perceive themselves and others, how problems are approached and how successful individuals are in coping and reaching goal.
Therefore, CBT assists patients to identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts and alter them.
As behaviour is seen as being generated by thinking, what is the most logical and effective way of changing maladaptive behaviour?

A

As behaviour is seen as being generated by thinking, the:
1. Most logical
2. Effective
way of changing maladaptive behaviour is to change the maladaptive thinking underlying it

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7
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes.
The idea behind CBT is that beliefs, expectations and cognitive assessments of the self, the environment and the nature of personal problems affect how individuals perceive themselves and others, how problems are approached and how successful individuals are in coping and reaching goal.
Therefore, CBT assists patients to identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts and alter them.
As behaviour is seen as being generated by thinking, what is the most logical and effective way of changing maladaptive behaviour?
As behaviour is seen as being generated by thinking, the most logical and effective way of changing maladaptive behaviour is to change the maladaptive thinking underlying it.
What are thoughts perceived as doing?

A

Thoughts are perceived as affecting:

  1. Emotions
  2. Behaviour
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8
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is the main psychological treatment used to help treat depression and is based on the cognitive model, which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes.
The idea behind CBT is that beliefs, expectations and cognitive assessments of the self, the environment and the nature of personal problems affect how individuals perceive themselves and others, how problems are approached and how successful individuals are in coping and reaching goal.
Therefore, CBT assists patients to identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts and alter them.
As behaviour is seen as being generated by thinking, what is the most logical and effective way of changing maladaptive behaviour?
As behaviour is seen as being generated by thinking, the most logical and effective way of changing maladaptive behaviour is to change the maladaptive thinking underlying it.
Thoughts are perceived as affecting emotions and behaviour and so are modified to do what?

A

Thoughts:

  1. Are perceived as affecting emotions and behaviour
  2. So are modified to reduce depressive symptoms
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9
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):

What is CBT an umbrella term for?

A

CBT is an umbrella term for many different therapies

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10
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is an umbrella term for many different therapies.
What are the 2 best known therapies?

A

The 2 best known therapies are:

  1. Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
  2. Treatment of negative automatic thoughts (TNAT)
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11
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
CBT is an umbrella term for many different therapies.
The 2 best known therapies are rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) and treatment of negative automatic thoughts (TNAT).
What is the central idea of both?

A

The central idea of both is to:
1. Challenge
2. Restructure
maladaptive ways of thinking into adaptive, rational ones

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12
Q

What does REBT stand for?

A

REBT strands for rational emotive behaviour therapy

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13
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

Who was REBT developed by?

A

REBT was developed by Albert Ellis

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14
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until what?

A

REBT was:

  1. Developed by Albert Ellis
  2. Modified over a number of years until his death in 2007
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15
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, what?

A

According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by:
1. Things
,but rather by
2. Their view of things

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16
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so what did he believe?

A

According to Ellis:

  1. People are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things
  2. So he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think
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17
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.
What did Ellis see irrational thoughts as doing?

A

Ellis saw irrational thoughts as causing:

  1. Emotional distress
  2. Behaviour disorders
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18
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.
Irrational thoughts cause negative self-statements and so REBT involves making patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive.
What did Ellis identify?

A

Ellis identified 11 basic irrational musturbatory beliefs that:

  1. Are emotionally damaging
  2. Can lead to psychological problems
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19
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.
Irrational thoughts cause negative self-statements and so REBT involves making patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive.
Ellis identified 11 basic irrational musturbatory beliefs that are emotionally damaging and can lead to psychological problems.
What do these include?

A

These include:

  1. ‘I must be loved by everyone, otherwise everyone hates me’
  2. ‘I must be excellent in all respects, otherwise I am worthless’
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20
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.
Irrational thoughts cause negative self-statements and so REBT involves making patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive.
Ellis identified 11 basic irrational musturbatory beliefs that are emotionally damaging and can lead to psychological problems.
These include ‘I must be loved by everyone, otherwise everyone hates me’ and ‘I must be excellent in all respects, otherwise I am worthless.’
What is the therapist’s aim?

A

The therapist’s aim is to:

  1. Challenge patients’ thinking
  2. Show them how irrational their thoughts are
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21
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.
Irrational thoughts cause negative self-statements and so REBT involves making patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive.
Ellis identified 11 basic irrational musturbatory beliefs that are emotionally damaging and can lead to psychological problems.
These include ‘I must be loved by everyone, otherwise everyone hates me’ and ‘I must be excellent in all respects, otherwise I am worthless.’
The therapist’s aim is to challenge patients’ thinking and show them how irrational their thoughts are.
What are patients told to do?

A

Patients are told to practice:
1. Positive
2. Optimistic
thinking

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22
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT was developed by Albert Ellis and modified over a number of years until his death in 2007.
According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things, but rather by their view of things and so he believed that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.
Irrational thoughts cause negative self-statements and so REBT involves making patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive.
Ellis identified 11 basic irrational musturbatory beliefs that are emotionally damaging and can lead to psychological problems.
These include ‘I must be loved by everyone, otherwise everyone hates me’ and ‘I must be excellent in all respects, otherwise I am worthless.’
The therapist’s aim is to challenge patients’ thinking and show them how irrational their thoughts are.
Patients are told to practice positive and optimistic
thinking.
REBT involves what, in other words challenging, negative thoughts?

A

REBT involves reframing, in other words challenging, negative thoughts

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23
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

How many sessions of therapy does treatment generally involve?

A 
Treatment generally involves:
1. One
Or,
2. 2
sessions of therapy
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24
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

Treatment generally involves one or 2 sessions of therapy, how often?

A

Treatment generally involves one or 2 sessions of therapy, every 2 weeks for about 15 sessions

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25
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Treatment generally involves one or 2 sessions of therapy, every 2 weeks for about 15 sessions.
Therapists and patients work together to do what?

A

Therapists and patients work together to verify reality

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26
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Treatment generally involves one or 2 sessions of therapy, every 2 weeks for about 15 sessions.
Therapists and patients work together to verify reality.
If a patient makes the negative statement ‘I’m not a good parent, because my children misbehave,’ then what does the therapist gets the patient to do?

A

If a patient makes the negative statement ‘I’m not a good parent, because my children misbehave,’ then the therapist gets the patient to:

  1. Assess its truth
  2. Examine the idea that someone’s a bad parent, because children are sometimes naughty
27
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Treatment generally involves one or 2 sessions of therapy, every 2 weeks for about 15 sessions.
Therapists and patients work together to verify reality.
If a patient makes the negative statement ‘I’m not a good parent, because my children misbehave,’ then the therapist gets the patient to assess its truth and examine the idea that someone’s a bad parent, because children are sometimes naughty.
What do patients therefore do?

A

Patients therefore:

  1. Become more realistic
  2. More able to distinguish fact from fiction
  3. Don’t perceive things in extreme terms
28
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

What happens in the education phase?

A

In the education phase, individuals learn relationships between:

  1. Thoughts
  2. Emotions
  3. Behaviour
29
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, what happens?

A

After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour:
1. Behavioural activation
2. Pleasant event scheduling
are introduced

30
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at doing what?

A

After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing:
1. Physiological activity
2. Participation
in social and other rewarding activities

31
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example what?

A

After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing:
1. Physiological activity
2. Participation
in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others

32
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
What are then addressed after patients have experienced improvement in mood or energy?

A

Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in:
1. Mood
Or,
2. Energy

33
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught to do what?

A

Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught:

  1. To identify faulty thinking responsible for low mood
  2. To challenge these thoughts
34
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught to identify faulty thinking responsible for low mood and to challenge these thoughts.
Between sessions what are patients given to boost self-esteem?

A

Between sessions patients are given goals to boost self-esteem

35
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught to identify faulty thinking responsible for low mood and to challenge these thoughts.
Between sessions patients are given goals to boost self-esteem.
What does this involve?

A

This involves hypothesis testing of negative thoughts through behavioural coping skills

36
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught to identify faulty thinking responsible for low mood and to challenge these thoughts.
Between sessions patients are given goals to boost self-esteem.
This involves hypothesis testing of negative thoughts through behavioural coping skills, for example what?

A

This involves hypothesis testing of negative thoughts through behavioural coping skills, for example testing the belief that they’re incapable of being included in conversations by talking to strangers in social situations

37
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught to identify faulty thinking responsible for low mood and to challenge these thoughts.
Between sessions patients are given goals to boost self-esteem.
This involves hypothesis testing of negative thoughts through behavioural coping skills, for example testing the belief that they’re incapable of being included in conversations by talking to strangers in social situations.
Why do therapists only set tasks that they’re confident patients can succeed at?

A

Therapists only set tasks that they’re confident patients can succeed at, because failure reinforces the ineptness patients believe in

38
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
After the education phase, where individuals learn relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour, behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced, aimed at increasing physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities, for example socialising with others.
Cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improved in mood or energy, by being taught to identify faulty thinking responsible for low mood and to challenge these thoughts.
Between sessions patients are given goals to boost self-esteem.
This involves hypothesis testing of negative thoughts through behavioural coping skills, for example testing the belief that they’re incapable of being included in conversations by talking to strangers in social situations.
Therapists only set tasks that they’re confident patients can succeed at, because failure reinforces the ineptness patients believe in.
To prevent relapse, what happens?

A

To prevent relapse, a few ‘booster’ sessions are given in the subsequent year

39
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

Clients are made aware of their what views?

A

Clients are made aware of their negative views

40
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Clients are made aware of their negative views.
In this way, what can irrational ideas be replaced with?

A

In this way, irrational ideas can be replaced with more:
1. Optimistic
2. Rational
beliefs

41
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

REBT extends the ABC model to a what model?

A

REBT extends the ABC model to a ABCDE model:
A = Activating event
B = Beliefs
C = Consequence
D = Dispute - Challenge the thoughts
E = Effect - See a more beneficial effect on thoughts and behaviour

42
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT extends the ABC model to a ABCDE model - A = Activating event, B = Beliefs, C = Consequence, D = Dispute - Challenge the thoughts and E = Effect - See a more beneficial effect on thoughts and behaviour.
Therefore, what is the central technique of REBT?

A

Therefore, the central technique of REBT is to:
1. Identify
2. Dispute
the patients’ irrational thoughts

43
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT extends the ABC model to a ABCDE model - A = Activating event, B = Beliefs, C = Consequence, D = Dispute - Challenge the thoughts and E = Effect - See a more beneficial effect on thoughts and behaviour.
Therefore, the central technique of REBT is to identify and dispute the patients’ irrational thoughts.
REBT challenges the client to prove these statements and replaces them with more reasonable, realistic statements.
What does Ellis (1962) argue?

A

Ellis (1962) argues that irrational thoughts are the main causes of all types of:

  1. Emotional distress
  2. Behaviour disorders
44
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT extends the ABC model to a ABCDE model - A = Activating event, B = Beliefs, C = Consequence, D = Dispute - Challenge the thoughts and E = Effect - See a more beneficial effect on thoughts and behaviour.
Therefore, the central technique of REBT is to identify and dispute the patients’ irrational thoughts.
REBT challenges the client to prove these statements and replaces them with more reasonable, realistic statements.
Ellis (1962) argues that irrational thoughts are the main causes of all types of emotional distress and behaviour disorders, why?

A

Ellis (1962) argues that irrational thoughts are the main causes of all types of:
1. Emotional distress
2. Behaviour disorders
,because they make impossible demands on the individual

45
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
REBT extends the ABC model to a ABCDE model - A = Activating event, B = Beliefs, C = Consequence, D = Dispute - Challenge the thoughts and E = Effect - See a more beneficial effect on thoughts and behaviour.
Therefore, the central technique of REBT is to identify and dispute the patients’ irrational thoughts.
REBT challenges the client to prove these statements and replaces them with more reasonable, realistic statements.
Ellis (1962) argues that irrational thoughts are the main causes of all types of emotional distress and behaviour disorders, because they make impossible demands on the individual, leading to what?

A

Ellis (1962) argues that irrational thoughts are the main causes of all types of emotional distress and behaviour disorders, because they make impossible demands on the individual, leading to:

  1. Anxiety
  2. Failure
  3. Psychological difficulty
46
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):

What did Ellis identify?

A

Ellis identified different disputes that can be made:

  1. Empirical disputes
  2. Logical disputes
  3. Pragmatic disputes
47
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Ellis identified different disputes that can be made - Empirical disputes, logical disputes and pragmatic disputes.
What is empirical disputing?

A

Empirical disputing is checking the irrational belief against the facts of the real world

48
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Ellis identified different disputes that can be made - Empirical disputes, logical disputes and pragmatic disputes.
Empirical disputing is checking the irrational belief against the facts of the real world.
Example

A

For example:

  1. '’Where is the evidence that you need a man?’’
  2. '’Is your demand consistent with reality?’’
49
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Ellis identified different disputes that can be made - Empirical disputes, logical disputes and pragmatic disputes.
What is logical disputing?

A

Logical disputing is where the therapist questions the logic of a person’s thoughts

50
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Ellis identified different disputes that can be made - Empirical disputes, logical disputes and pragmatic disputes.
Logical disputing is where the therapist questions the logic of a person’s thoughts.
Example

A

For example:

  1. '’Does it logically follow that you can rate your whole self on the basis of a part of yourself?’’
  2. '’Does the way you think about that situation make any sense?’’
51
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Ellis identified different disputes that can be made - Empirical disputes, logical disputes and pragmatic disputes.
What is pragmatic disputing?

A

Pragmatic disputing is when the therapist shows the client that the irrational beliefs they hold are not helpful

52
Q

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT):
Ellis identified different disputes that can be made - Empirical disputes, logical disputes and pragmatic disputes.
Pragmatic disputing is when the therapist shows the client that the irrational beliefs they hold are not helpful.
Example

A

For example:

  1. '’What are the consequences of this belief?’’
  2. '’How does it help you to believe that you need a man?’’
53
Q

Newark et al. (1973) wanted to discover if people with psychological problems had irrational attitudes.
2 groups of participants were asked if they agreed with the following statements, identified by Ellis as irrational:
Statement A: It is essential that one should be loved or approved of by virtually everyone in the community.
Statement B: One must be perfectly competent, adequate and achieving in order to consider oneself worthwhile.
One group consisted of people who had been diagnosed with anxiety and the other group had no psychological problems - they were defined as ‘normal.’
A total of 65% of the anxious participants agreed with statement A, compared to 2% of non-anxious participants.
For statement B, 80% of anxious participants agreed, compared to 25% of non-anxious participants.
Newark et al. concluded that people with emotional problems think in irrational ways.

A

k

54
Q

Research for CBT:
Lincoln et al. (1997) used a questionnaire to identify stroke victims who had developed clinical depression.
19 patients were then given CBT sessions for 4 months, resulting in reduced symptoms.
This suggests that CBT is a suitable treatment for specific groups of depressives.

The Department of Health (2001) reviewed research papers of treatments for depression, including behavioural, cognitive, humanistic and psychotherapeutic ones, finding CBT the most effective, but didn’t endorse the use of CBT alone, as other treatments, like behavioural therapy, were effective, too.

Whitfield and Williams (2003) found CBT had the strongest research base for effectiveness, but recognised that there’s a problem in the National Health Service being able to deliver weekly face-to-face sessions for patients and suggested that this could be addressed by introducing self-help versions of the treatment, like the SPIRIT course, which teaches core cognitive behavioural skills using structured self-help material.

Hollon et al. (2006) found that 40% of moderately to severely depressed patients treated with CBT for 16 weeks relapsed within the following 12 months, compared to a relapse rate of 45% for patients treated for the same period with drug therapy and 80% for patients treated with a placebo (given a pill containing no medication).
This suggests that CBT is slightly more effective, long-term, than drug therapy and much better than no treatment at all.

CBT and drug treatment - Keller et al. (2000) found the recovery rates from depression were 55% with drugs alone, 52% with CBT alone and 85% when used together.

A

k

55
Q

Research for REBT:
David et al. (2008) found, using 170 patients suffering from major depressive disorder, that patients treated with 14 weeks of REBT had better treatment outcomes than those treated with the drug fluoxetine 6 months after treatment.
This suggests that REBT is a better long-term treatment than drug therapy.

A

k

56
Q

CBT evaluation:
For:
1. The client is actively involved in their recovery.

  1. CBT is not physically invasive.
  2. The client learns to help themselves and can use the skills they’ve learnt in new situations.
  3. CBT works (for example, as found by March et al. and Fava), particularly when combined with drug treatment (Keller et al.)
  4. CBT is the most effective psychological treatment for moderate and severe depression and one of the most effective treatments where depression is the main problem.
    It is also very effective in stopping mild depression from developing into severe depression.
    It also has very few side effects.
  5. The better trained the therapist, the better the therapeutic outcomes, which illustrates how the use of trained therapists is essential to the treatment’s effectiveness.
  6. The application of CBT occurs over relatively short time periods compared to other treatments and is more cost-effective than such treatments.
    CBT also has long-term benefits, as the techniques involved are used continually to stop symptoms returning.
  7. CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of depression and in preventing relapse and there is a large body of evidence to support this (March et al, 2007).
  8. Success may be due to the therapist-patient relationship.
    Research has shown that there is little difference between CBT and other forms of psychotherapy.
    It may be the quality of the therapist-patient relationship that makes the difference to the success of the treatment, rather than the treatment itself.
    Simply having the opportunity to talk to someone who will listen could be what matters the most.

Against:
1. Clients can become dependent on their therapist or non-cooperative.

  1. CBT is not effective for people with rigid attitudes or resistance to change or for people who have high stress levels in response to genuinely difficult life circumstances (depressive realism).
  2. CBT is not a quick fix.
    A therapist is like a personal trainer that advises and encourages, but cannot ‘do it’ for the client’
  3. One problem with CBT is whether the theory behind it is correct.
    Is a depressed person’s disordered thinking a cause or an effect of depression?
    Many cognitive behavioural therapists believe that the relationship works both ways.
  4. There are ethical concerns with CBT, as it can be too therapist-centred.
    Therapists may abuse their power of control over patients, forcing them into certain ways of thinking and patients can become too dependent on therapists.
  5. CBT is difficult to evaluate.
    Senra and Polaino (1998) found that the use of different measurement scales to assess CBT produced different measures of improvement among patients.
  6. For patients with difficulty concentrating, often problematic with depressives, CBT can be unsuitable, leading to feelings of being overwhelmed and disappointed, which strengthens depressive symptoms, rather than reducing them.
  7. CBT, as with all ‘talking therapies,’ isn’t suitable for patients who have difficulties talking about inner feelings, or for those without the verbal skills to do so.
  8. It is as effective as antidepressants for many types of depression (Fava et al, 1994).
    However, CBT may not work for the most severe cases.
    In some cases, depression may be so severe that patients cannot motivate themselves to engage in the therapy.
    In these cases, it is possible to treat the patient with antidepressants and then CBT can commence at a later date.
    This is therefore a limitation, as it means that CBT cannot be used as the sole treatment in all cases.
  9. Some patients may want to explore their past.
    CBT focuses on the ‘here and now.’
    However, there may be links to childhood experiences with their current depression and patients might want to talk about those experiences.
    They can find this ‘present-focus’ very frustrating.
A

k

57
Q

An overview of CBT/psychotherapy:

CHANGE VIEW

A 
C = Change your thoughts and actions
H = Homework - Practice makes perfect
A = Action - Don't just talk, do it
N = Need - Pinpoint the problem
G = Goals - Move towards them
E = Evidence - Shows CBT can work
V = View the events from another angle/perspective
I = I can do it - The self-help approach
E = Experience - Test out your beliefs
W = Write it down - To remember progress
58
Q

Implications for the economy:

What would finding an effective treatment (for any disorder) do?

A

Finding an effective treatment (for any disorder) would reduce the number of days people have off work sick

59
Q

Implications for the economy:

Finding an effective treatment (for any disorder) would reduce the number of days people have off work sick, doing what?

A

Finding an effective treatment (for any disorder) would reduce the number of days people have off work sick, so improving productivity

60
Q

Implications for the economy:

What have the World Health Organisation (WHO) predicted?

A

The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden

61
Q

Implications for the economy:
The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden, costly to who?

A

The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden, costly to:

  1. Individuals
  2. Families
  3. Communities
  4. The economy as a whole
62
Q

Implications for the economy:
The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden, costly to individuals, families, communities and the economy as a whole, through what?

A

The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden, costly to individuals, families, communities and the economy as a whole, through:

  1. Lowered productivity
  2. Absenteeism
  3. Unemployment
63
Q

Implications for the economy:
The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden, costly to individuals, families, communities and the economy as a whole, through lowered productivity, absenteeism and unemployment.
Therefore, if psychological research shows that people with a disorder such as depression are less likely to suffer a relapse after having cognitive therapy then, even the cognitive therapy might initially what?

A

Therefore, if psychological research shows that people with a disorder such as depression are less likely to suffer a relapse after having cognitive therapy then, even the cognitive therapy might initially be more expensive than drug therapy

64
Q

Implications for the economy:
The World Health Organisation (WHO) have predicted that by 2020, depression will be the biggest single disease burden, costly to individuals, families, communities and the economy as a whole, through lowered productivity, absenteeism and unemployment.
Therefore, if psychological research shows that people with a disorder such as depression are less likely to suffer a relapse after having cognitive therapy then, even the cognitive therapy might initially be more expensive than drug therapy.
In the long-term, why might it be more economically sound to offer cognitive therapy?

A

In the long-term, it might be more economically sound to offer cognitive therapy, as people would have less time off work

A Level AQA Psychology COPY (145 decks)

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