1.5: Charles Hofling et al. (1966)

Question 1

A number of naturalistic obedience studies in real-life settings have been carried out, but Hofling’s study, carried out as part of a real what, is significant because of its what?

Answer 1

A number of naturalistic obedience studies in real-life settings have been carried out, but Hofling’s study, carried out as part of a real hospital’s normal routine, is significant because of its alarming findings

Question 2

The aim of Hofling’s study was to see what?

Answer 2

The aim of Hofling’s study was to see whether nurses would obey orders from an unknown doctor to such an extent that there would be risk of harm

Question 3

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a what, allegedly from where, did what?

Answer 3

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen

Question 4

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a what?

Answer 4

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill

Question 5

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill.
Dr Smith was in a what?

Answer 5

Dr Smith was in a hurry

Question 6

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill.
Dr Smith was in a hurry and would do what later on?

Answer 6

Dr Smith:

1. Was in a hurry
2. Would sign the authorisation form later on

Question 7

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill.
Dr Smith was in a hurry and would sign the authorisation form later on.
The label on the box stated that the maximum daily dose was what?

Answer 7

The label on the box stated that the maximum daily dose was 10 mg

Question 8

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill.
Dr Smith was in a hurry and would sign the authorisation form later on.
The label on the box stated that the maximum daily dose was 10 mg.
So if a nurse obeyed instructions, she would be giving what?

Answer 8

So if a nurse obeyed instructions, she would be giving twice the maximum dose

Question 9

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill.
Dr Smith was in a hurry and would sign the authorisation form later on.
The label on the box stated that the maximum daily dose was 10 mg.
So if a nurse obeyed instructions, she would be giving twice the maximum dose.
As well as this, hospital rules required doctors to do what before medication was given?

Answer 9

As well as this, hospital rules required doctors to sign authorisations before medication was given

Question 10

The method and procedure of Hofling’s study was that a confederate ‘Dr Smith,’ allegedly from the psychiatric department, instructed 22 nurses individually by phone to give his patient ‘Mr Jones’ 20 mg of an unfamiliar drug called Astrofen, which was actually a sugar pill.
Dr Smith was in a hurry and would sign the authorisation form later on.
The label on the box stated that the maximum daily dose was 10 mg.
So if a nurse obeyed instructions, she would be giving twice the maximum dose.
As well as this, hospital rules required doctors to sign authorisations before medication was given.
Another hospital rule demanded that nurses should be what?

Answer 10

Another hospital rule demanded that nurses should be certain that anyone giving medical instructions was a genuine doctor

Question 11

The findings of Hofling’s study are that of the 22 nurses, how many nurses (what percentage) obeyed without hesitation?

Answer 11

The findings of Hofling’s study are that of the 22 nurses, 21 nurses (95.4%) obeyed without hesitation

Question 12

The findings of Hofling’s study are that of the 22 nurses, 21 nurses (95.4%) obeyed without hesitation.
A control group of 22 nurses were asked what?

Answer 12

A control group of 22 nurses were asked what they would have done in that situation

Question 13

The findings of Hofling’s study are that of the 22 nurses, 21 nurses (95.4%) obeyed without hesitation.
A control group of 22 nurses were asked what they would have done in that situation.
21 of the nurses said what?

Answer 13

21 of the nurses said that they would not:
1. Have obeyed without authorisation
Or,
2. Exceed the maximum dose

Question 14

The conclusions of Hofling’s study:

Hofling et al. concluded what?

Answer 14

Hofling et al. concluded that the:
1. Power
2. Authority
of doctors was a greater influence on the nurses’ behaviour than basic hospital rules

Question 15

The conclusions of Hofling’s study:
Hofling et al. concluded that the power and authority of doctors was a greater influence on the nurses’ behaviour than basic hospital rules.
As well as this, Hofling et al. concluded that what can be very different?

Answer 15

As well as this, Hofling et al. concluded that what people:
1. Say they would do
2. Actually do
can be very different

Question 16

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that who should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures?

Answer 16

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that:
1. Nurses
2. Institutional staff
should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures

Question 17

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that nurses and institutional staff should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures.
Hofling’s study seems relevant to what?

Answer 17

Hofling’s study seems relevant to real-life settings

Question 18

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that nurses and institutional staff should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures.
Hofling’s study seems relevant to real-life settings.
However, who reported that what?

Answer 18

Rank and Jacobsen (1977) reported that:

1. The drug was unfamiliar to nurses
2. They had not been allowed to consult with each other

Question 19

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that nurses and institutional staff should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures.
Hofling’s study seems relevant to real-life settings.
However, Rank and Jacobsen (1977) reported that the drug was unfamiliar to nurses and that they had not been allowed to consult with each other, as was what?

Answer 19

Rank and Jacobsen (1977) reported that:

1. The drug was unfamiliar to nurses
2. They had not been allowed to consult with each other, as was normal practise

Question 20

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that nurses and institutional staff should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures.
Hofling’s study seems relevant to real-life settings.
However, Rank and Jacobsen (1977) reported that the drug was unfamiliar to nurses and that they had not been allowed to consult with each other, as was normal practise.
When a familiar drug, what, was used and they were allowed to do what, only how many out of 18 nurses (what percentage) obeyed?

Answer 20

When:
1. A familiar drug, Valium, was used
2. They were allowed to speak to their peers
,only 2 out of 18 nurses (11%) obeyed

Question 21

The evaluation of Hofling’s study is that it suggests that nurses and institutional staff should have special training in following rules rather than orders from authority figures.
Hofling’s study seems relevant to real-life settings.
However, Rank and Jacobsen (1977) reported that the drug was unfamiliar to nurses and that they had not been allowed to consult with each other, as was normal practise.
When a familiar drug, Valium, was used and they were allowed to speak to their peers, only 2 out of 18 nurses (11%) obeyed, suggesting that what after all?

Answer 21

When a familiar drug, Valium, was used and they were allowed to speak to their peers, only:
1. 2
out of
2. 18
nurses (11%) obeyed, suggesting that Hofling’s study may not have external validity after all

Question 22

When did Hofling’s obedience study take place?

Answer 22

Hofling’s obedience study took place in 1966