2.6: The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) Flashcards
Enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) is an advanced method of questioning witnesses that overcomes problems caused by inappropriate sequencing of questions
Who (what year) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)?
Fisher and Geiselman (1987) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)
Fisher and Geiselman (1987) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) that seeks to do what?
Fisher and Geiselman (1987) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) that seeks to:
- Build a trusting relationship between interviewer and witness
- Improve the quality of communication between the 2
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
1. The interviewer not doing what with what?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include the interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary:
1. Interruptions
Or,
2. Questions
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness doing what?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include the witness controlling the flow of information
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness controlling the flow of information.
- Asking what questions?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include asking open-ended questions
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness controlling the flow of information.
- Asking open-ended questions.
- Getting the witness to do what?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include getting the witness to speak slowly
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness controlling the flow of information.
- Asking open-ended questions.
- Getting the witness to speak slowly.
- Participants being reminded not to do what and to use what when necessary?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include participants being reminded:
- Not to guess
- To use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness controlling the flow of information.
- Asking open-ended questions.
- Getting the witness to speak slowly.
- Participants being reminded not to guess and to use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary, in order to do what?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include participants being reminded:
1. Not to guess
2. To use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary
,in order to reduce confabulations
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness controlling the flow of information.
- Asking open-ended questions.
- Getting the witness to speak slowly.
- Participants being reminded not to guess and to use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary, in order to reduce confabulations (what)?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include participants being reminded:
1. Not to guess
2. To use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary
,in order to reduce confabulations (false memories)
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
- The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
- The witness controlling the flow of information.
- Asking open-ended questions.
- Getting the witness to speak slowly.
- Participants being reminded not to guess and to use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary, in order to reduce confabulations (false memories).
- Reducing what in witnesses?
Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include reducing anxiety in witnesses
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through doing what?
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves what?
The next stage then involves context reinstatement
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by what?
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of what?
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of:
- ‘Report everything’
- Not guessing if details are unknown
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to doing what?
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as what?
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face, and using these to do what?
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve:
- Asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face
- Using these to guide recall
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face, and using these to guide recall.
The idea here is that details are more retrievable when they are what?
The idea here is that details are more retrievable when they are perceptually related to the witness’ mental image
The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face, and using these to guide recall.
The idea here is that details are more retrievable when they are perceptually related to the witness’ mental image and so interviewers should do what?
The idea here is that:
- Details are more retrievable when they are perceptually related to the witness’ mental image
- So interviewers should time their questions accordingly
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for what reasons?
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Who (what year) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children?
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children
Modified cognitive interview (MCI)
The modified cognitive interview (MCI) is an amended form of the cognitive interview
The modified cognitive interview (MCI) is often used to do what?
The modified cognitive interview (MCI) is often used to allow police officers to interview children
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which does what?
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which:
- Stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness
- Gives control to the witness
- Removes the ‘change perspective’ component
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to do what?
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which:
- Stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness
- Gives control to the witness
- Removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (do what)?
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which:
- Stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness
- Gives control to the witness
- Removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another’s point of view)
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another’s point of view).
What are other modified cognitive interviews?
Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another’s point of view).
Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions, because what have many police forces found?
Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions, because many police forces have found that the:
1. Cognitive interview
2. Enhanced cognitive interview
take more time than they have available
Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the ‘change perspective’ component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another’s point of view).
Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions, because many police forces have found that the cognitive interview and the enhanced cognitive interview take more time than they have available.
These shortened modified cognitive interviews generally omit what?
These shortened modified cognitive interviews generally omit the:
1. ‘Change narrative order’
2. ‘Change perspective’
components of the cognitive interview (CI)
Who (what year) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) compared to a standard police interview (SPI)?
Fisher et al. (1989) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using:
1. The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)
compared to
2. A standard police interview (SPI)
Fisher et al. (1989) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) compared to a standard police interview (SPI), finding what to be superior?
Fisher et al. (1989) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using:
1. The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)
compared to
2. A standard police interview (SPI)
,finding the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) to be superior
Who (what year) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child’s birthday party?
Holliday (2003) showed children, aged:
1. 4-5
2. 9-10
years old, a 5 minute video of a child’s birthday party
Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child’s birthday party, with all children what?
Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child’s birthday party, with all children being interviewed the next day using either a:
1. Standard police interview
Or,
2. Modified cognitive interview specifically designed for use with children
Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child’s birthday party, with all children being interviewed the next day using either a standard police interview or a modified cognitive interview specifically designed for use with children.
The what produced more accurate detail than what?
The:
1. Modified cognitive interview
produced more accurate detail
2. Standard police interview
Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child’s birthday party, with all children being interviewed the next day using either a standard police interview or a modified cognitive interview specifically designed for use with children.
The modified cognitive interview produced more accurate detail than the standard police interview, illustrating what?
The: 1. Modified cognitive interview produced more accurate detail 2. Standard police interview ,illustrating the effectiveness of modified cognitive interviews with specific groups of witnesses
Who (what year) interviewed 229 children after a painting session?
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either what?
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either:
1. A cognitive interview
2. A standard police interview
Or,
2. One of 4 types of modified cognitive interview
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that what were all superior to the what in producing accurate detail?
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that the:
1. Cognitive interview
2. Modified cognitive interviews
were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that the cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail and that versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed what were superior?
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that:
- The cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail
- Versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed the ‘change narrative order’ component were superior
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that the cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail and that versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed the ‘change narrative order’ component were superior, which supports what?
Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that:
- The cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail
- Versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed the ‘change narrative order’ component were superior, which supports the idea that modified cognitive interviews are beneficial for specific types of witnesses
Evaluation:
What was the cognitive interview primarily designed for?
The cognitive interview was primarily designed for use by police interviewers
Evaluation:
For:
Although the cognitive interview was primarily designed for use by police interviewers, what has its success led to?
Although the cognitive interview was primarily designed for use by police interviewers, its success has led to calls for it to be more widely used:
- By other organisations
- In situations where accuracy of memory recall is important
Evaluation:
For:
The development of modified cognitive interviews means that groups of witnesses, such as who, can be interviewed effectively?
The development of modified cognitive interviews means that groups of witnesses, such as:
1. Children
2. Those with learning difficulties
,can be interviewed effectively
Evaluation:
For:
The development of modified cognitive interviews means that groups of witnesses, such as children and those with learning difficulties, can be interviewed effectively.
What % of modified cognitive interviews are designed for use with children?
45% of modified cognitive interviews are designed for use with children
Evaluation:
Against:
Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it’s also more what?
Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it’s also more prone to producing confabulations
Evaluation:
Against:
Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it’s also more prone to producing confabulations, where what?
Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it’s also more prone to producing confabulations, where incorrect items are recalled
Evaluation:
Against:
As the cognitive interview is composed of several techniques, it makes working out what difficult?
As the cognitive interview is composed of several techniques, it makes working out which are the most effective components difficult
Evaluation:
Against:
Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn’t what?
Comparison of: 1. Cognitive interviews with 2. Standard police interviews isn't easy
Evaluation:
Against:
Why isn’t comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews easy?
Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn’t easy, because police interview techniques other than the cognitive interview:
1. Are not standard
,but
2. Actually use a lot of different techniques
Evaluation:
Against:
Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn’t easy, because police interview techniques other than the cognitive interview are not standard, but actually use a lot of different techniques, for example what?
Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn’t easy, because police interview techniques other than the cognitive interview are not standard, but actually use a lot of different techniques, for example:
1. Just asking ‘What can you recall?’
Or,
2. Asking specific questions
Evaluation:
Against:
A practical problem with the cognitive interview
A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming
Evaluation:
Against:
A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring what?
A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for
Evaluation:
Against:
A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for.
As well as this, who (what year) report that police officers believe what?
As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the ‘change of perspective’ component misleads witnesses
Evaluation:
Against:
A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for.
As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the ‘change of perspective’ component misleads witnesses into doing what?
As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the ‘change of perspective’ component misleads witnesses into speculating about the event witnessed
Evaluation:
Against:
A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for.
As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the ‘change of perspective’ component misleads witnesses into speculating about the event witnessed and, due to this concern, cognitive interviews are what?
As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that:
- Police officers believe that the ‘change of perspective’ component misleads witnesses into speculating about the event witnessed
- Due to this concern, cognitive interviews are less frequently used
Evaluation:
Against:
One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of what?
One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of memory-enhancement
Evaluation:
Against:
One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of memory-enhancement with regards to what?
One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of memory-enhancement with regards to the recognition of suspects in:
- Identity parades
- Photographs
