2.6: The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)

Question 1

Enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)

Answer 1

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) is an advanced method of questioning witnesses that overcomes problems caused by inappropriate sequencing of questions

Question 2

Who (what year) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)?

Answer 2

Fisher and Geiselman (1987) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)

Question 3

Fisher and Geiselman (1987) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) that seeks to do what?

Answer 3

Fisher and Geiselman (1987) suggested an amended version of the cognitive interview known as the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) that seeks to:

1. Build a trusting relationship between interviewer and witness
2. Improve the quality of communication between the 2

Question 4

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:
1. The interviewer not doing what with what?

Answer 4

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include the interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary:
1. Interruptions
Or,
2. Questions

Question 5

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness doing what?

Answer 5

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include the witness controlling the flow of information

Question 6

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness controlling the flow of information.
3. Asking what questions?

Answer 6

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include asking open-ended questions

Question 7

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness controlling the flow of information.
3. Asking open-ended questions.
4. Getting the witness to do what?

Answer 7

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include getting the witness to speak slowly

Question 8

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness controlling the flow of information.
3. Asking open-ended questions.
4. Getting the witness to speak slowly.
5. Participants being reminded not to do what and to use what when necessary?

Answer 8

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include participants being reminded:

1. Not to guess
2. To use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary

Question 9

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness controlling the flow of information.
3. Asking open-ended questions.
4. Getting the witness to speak slowly.
5. Participants being reminded not to guess and to use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary, in order to do what?

Answer 9

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include participants being reminded:
1. Not to guess
2. To use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary
,in order to reduce confabulations

Question 10

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness controlling the flow of information.
3. Asking open-ended questions.
4. Getting the witness to speak slowly.
5. Participants being reminded not to guess and to use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary, in order to reduce confabulations (what)?

Answer 10

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include participants being reminded:
1. Not to guess
2. To use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary
,in order to reduce confabulations (false memories)

Question 11

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include:

1. The interviewer not distracting the witness with unnecessary interruptions or questions.
2. The witness controlling the flow of information.
3. Asking open-ended questions.
4. Getting the witness to speak slowly.
5. Participants being reminded not to guess and to use the ‘don’t know’ option when necessary, in order to reduce confabulations (false memories).
6. Reducing what in witnesses?

Answer 11

Important extra features of the enhanced cognitive interview include reducing anxiety in witnesses

Question 12

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through doing what?

Answer 12

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics

Question 13

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves what?

Answer 13

The next stage then involves context reinstatement

Question 14

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by what?

Answer 14

The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events

Question 15

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of what?

Answer 15

During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of:

1. ‘Report everything’
2. Not guessing if details are unknown

Question 16

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to doing what?

Answer 16

The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory

Question 17

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as what?

Answer 17

The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face

Question 18

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face, and using these to do what?

Answer 18

The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve:

1. Asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face
2. Using these to guide recall

Question 19

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face, and using these to guide recall.
The idea here is that details are more retrievable when they are what?

Answer 19

The idea here is that details are more retrievable when they are perceptually related to the witness’ mental image

Question 20

The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) starts by getting the witness to control the flow of information through asking them open-ended questions on neutral topics.
The next stage then involves context reinstatement, followed by the witness’ free recall of events.
During this time, the interviewer stresses the importance of ‘report everything’ and not guessing if details are unknown.
The interviewer then moves on to asking about the information recalled using focused memory techniques that involve asking the witness to concentrate on mental images of the memory, such as a person’s face, and using these to guide recall.
The idea here is that details are more retrievable when they are perceptually related to the witness’ mental image and so interviewers should do what?

Answer 20

The idea here is that:

1. Details are more retrievable when they are perceptually related to the witness’ mental image
2. So interviewers should time their questions accordingly

Question 21

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for what reasons?

Answer 21

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons

Question 22

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons.
Who (what year) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children?

Answer 22

Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children

Question 23

Modified cognitive interview (MCI)

Answer 23

The modified cognitive interview (MCI) is an amended form of the cognitive interview

Question 24

The modified cognitive interview (MCI) is often used to do what?

Answer 24

The modified cognitive interview (MCI) is often used to allow police officers to interview children

Question 25

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons. Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which does what?

Answer 25

Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which: 1. Stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness 2. Gives control to the witness 3. Removes the 'change perspective' component

Question 26

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons. Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to do what?

Answer 26

Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which: 1. Stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness 2. Gives control to the witness 3. Removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others

Question 27

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons. Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (do what)?

Answer 27

Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which: 1. Stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness 2. Gives control to the witness 3. Removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another's point of view)

Question 28

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons. Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another's point of view). What are other modified cognitive interviews?

Answer 28

Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions

Question 29

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons. Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another's point of view). Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions, because what have many police forces found?

Answer 29

Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions, because many police forces have found that the: 1. Cognitive interview 2. Enhanced cognitive interview take more time than they have available

Question 30

Modified versions of the cognitive interview (CI) and the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) have been produced for different reasons. Holliday (2003) produced a modified cognitive interview (MCI) suitable for use with children, which stresses building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness, gives control to the witness and removes the 'change perspective' component, because children are seen as being too young to effectively empathise with others (see things from another's point of view). Other modified cognitive interviews are shortened versions, because many police forces have found that the cognitive interview and the enhanced cognitive interview take more time than they have available. These shortened modified cognitive interviews generally omit what?

Answer 30

These shortened modified cognitive interviews generally omit the: 1. 'Change narrative order' 2. 'Change perspective' components of the cognitive interview (CI)

Question 31

Who (what year) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) compared to a standard police interview (SPI)?

Answer 31

Fisher et al. (1989) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using: 1. The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) compared to 2. A standard police interview (SPI)

Question 32

Fisher et al. (1989) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) compared to a standard police interview (SPI), finding what to be superior?

Answer 32

Fisher et al. (1989) assessed the performance of police officers in gathering facts when using: 1. The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) compared to 2. A standard police interview (SPI) ,finding the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) to be superior

Question 33

Who (what year) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child's birthday party?

Answer 33

Holliday (2003) showed children, aged: 1. 4-5 2. 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child's birthday party

Question 34

Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child's birthday party, with all children what?

Answer 34

Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child's birthday party, with all children being interviewed the next day using either a: 1. Standard police interview Or, 2. Modified cognitive interview specifically designed for use with children

Question 35

Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child's birthday party, with all children being interviewed the next day using either a standard police interview or a modified cognitive interview specifically designed for use with children. The what produced more accurate detail than what?

Answer 35

The: 1. Modified cognitive interview produced more accurate detail 2. Standard police interview

Question 36

Holliday (2003) showed children, aged 4-5 and 9-10 years old, a 5 minute video of a child's birthday party, with all children being interviewed the next day using either a standard police interview or a modified cognitive interview specifically designed for use with children. The modified cognitive interview produced more accurate detail than the standard police interview, illustrating what?

Answer 36

``` The: 1. Modified cognitive interview produced more accurate detail 2. Standard police interview ,illustrating the effectiveness of modified cognitive interviews with specific groups of witnesses ```

Question 37

Who (what year) interviewed 229 children after a painting session?

Answer 37

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session

Question 38

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either what?

Answer 38

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either: 1. A cognitive interview 2. A standard police interview Or, 2. One of 4 types of modified cognitive interview

Question 39

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that what were all superior to the what in producing accurate detail?

Answer 39

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that the: 1. Cognitive interview 2. Modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail

Question 40

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that the cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail and that versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed what were superior?

Answer 40

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that: 1. The cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail 2. Versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed the 'change narrative order' component were superior

Question 41

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that the cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail and that versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed the 'change narrative order' component were superior, which supports what?

Answer 41

Verkampt and Ginet (2010) interviewed 229 children after a painting session, with either a cognitive interview, a standard police interview or one of 4 types of modified cognitive interview, finding that: 1. The cognitive interview and the modified cognitive interviews were all superior to the standard police interview in producing accurate detail 2. Versions of the modified cognitive interview that removed the 'change narrative order' component were superior, which supports the idea that modified cognitive interviews are beneficial for specific types of witnesses

Question 42

Evaluation: | What was the cognitive interview primarily designed for?

Answer 42

The cognitive interview was primarily designed for use by police interviewers

Question 43

Evaluation: For: Although the cognitive interview was primarily designed for use by police interviewers, what has its success led to?

Answer 43

Although the cognitive interview was primarily designed for use by police interviewers, its success has led to calls for it to be more widely used: 1. By other organisations 2. In situations where accuracy of memory recall is important

Question 44

Evaluation: For: The development of modified cognitive interviews means that groups of witnesses, such as who, can be interviewed effectively?

Answer 44

The development of modified cognitive interviews means that groups of witnesses, such as: 1. Children 2. Those with learning difficulties ,can be interviewed effectively

Question 45

Evaluation: For: The development of modified cognitive interviews means that groups of witnesses, such as children and those with learning difficulties, can be interviewed effectively. What % of modified cognitive interviews are designed for use with children?

Answer 45

45% of modified cognitive interviews are designed for use with children

Question 46

Evaluation: Against: Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it's also more what?

Answer 46

Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it's also more prone to producing confabulations

Question 47

Evaluation: Against: Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it's also more prone to producing confabulations, where what?

Answer 47

Although the enhanced cognitive interview has proved a more effective technique, it's also more prone to producing confabulations, where incorrect items are recalled

Question 48

Evaluation: Against: As the cognitive interview is composed of several techniques, it makes working out what difficult?

Answer 48

As the cognitive interview is composed of several techniques, it makes working out which are the most effective components difficult

Question 49

Evaluation: Against: Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn't what?

Answer 49

``` Comparison of: 1. Cognitive interviews with 2. Standard police interviews isn't easy ```

Question 50

Evaluation: Against: Why isn't comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews easy?

Answer 50

Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn't easy, because police interview techniques other than the cognitive interview: 1. Are not standard ,but 2. Actually use a lot of different techniques

Question 51

Evaluation: Against: Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn't easy, because police interview techniques other than the cognitive interview are not standard, but actually use a lot of different techniques, for example what?

Answer 51

Comparison of cognitive interviews with standard police interviews isn't easy, because police interview techniques other than the cognitive interview are not standard, but actually use a lot of different techniques, for example: 1. Just asking 'What can you recall?' Or, 2. Asking specific questions

Question 52

Evaluation: Against: A practical problem with the cognitive interview

Answer 52

A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming

Question 53

Evaluation: Against: A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring what?

Answer 53

A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for

Question 54

Evaluation: Against: A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for. As well as this, who (what year) report that police officers believe what?

Answer 54

As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the 'change of perspective' component misleads witnesses

Question 55

Evaluation: Against: A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for. As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the 'change of perspective' component misleads witnesses into doing what?

Answer 55

As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the 'change of perspective' component misleads witnesses into speculating about the event witnessed

Question 56

Evaluation: Against: A practical problem with the cognitive interview is that it is time-consuming, often requiring more time than police officers have operational time for. As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that police officers believe that the 'change of perspective' component misleads witnesses into speculating about the event witnessed and, due to this concern, cognitive interviews are what?

Answer 56

As well as this, Memon et al. (1993) report that: 1. Police officers believe that the 'change of perspective' component misleads witnesses into speculating about the event witnessed 2. Due to this concern, cognitive interviews are less frequently used

Question 57

Evaluation: Against: One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of what?

Answer 57

One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of memory-enhancement

Question 58

Evaluation: Against: One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of memory-enhancement with regards to what?

Answer 58

One limitation of cognitive interviews is that they are not generally effective as a form of memory-enhancement with regards to the recognition of suspects in: 1. Identity parades 2. Photographs