2.3: Procedural LTM

Question 1

Procedural memory (PM)

Answer 1

Procedural memory (PM) is a type of LTM for:

1. The performance of particular types of action
2. Our knowledge of how to do things

Question 2

Procedural memory (PM) is a type of LTM for the performance of particular types of action and our knowledge of how to do things.
This includes our memories of what?

Answer 2

This includes our memories of learned skills

Question 3

Procedural memory (PM) is a type of LTM for the performance of particular types of action and our knowledge of how to do things.
This includes our memories of learned skills.
Procedural memories are usually recalled how?

Answer 3

Procedural memories are usually recalled without making a:
1. Conscious
Or,
2. Deliberate
effort

Question 4

Procedural LTM is a type of what memory?

Answer 4

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory

Question 5

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little what?

Answer 5

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought

Question 6

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example what?

Answer 6

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike

Question 7

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur when?

Answer 7

Many procedural LTMs occur early in life

Question 8

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving what?

Answer 8

Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills

Question 9

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like what?

Answer 9

Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like:
1. Walking
2. Dressing
,ect

Question 10

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like walking, dressing, ect.
Procedural LTM is also involved in what?

Answer 10

Procedural LTM is also involved in language

Question 11

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like walking, dressing, ect.
Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to do what?

Answer 11

Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to speak automatically

Question 12

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like walking, dressing, ect.
Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to speak automatically, using what without thinking how to?

Answer 12

Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to speak automatically, using:
1. Grammar
2. Syntax
without thinking how to

Question 13

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like walking, dressing, ect.
Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to speak automatically, using grammar and syntax without thinking how to.
What does this show?

Answer 13

This shows how:
1. Procedural
2. Semantic
memories work together

Question 14

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like walking, dressing, ect.
Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to speak automatically, using grammar and syntax without thinking how to.
This shows how procedural and semantic memories work together.
As procedural memory doesn’t require conscious thought, it permits people to do what?

Answer 14

As procedural memory doesn’t require conscious thought, it permits people to simultaneously perform other cognitive tasks

Question 15

Procedural LTM is a type of implicit memory, permitting individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought, for example riding a bike.
Many procedural LTMs occur early in life, involving the learning of important motor skills, like walking, dressing, ect.
Procedural LTM is also involved in language, helping individuals to speak automatically, using grammar and syntax without thinking how to.
This shows how procedural and semantic memories work together.
As procedural memory doesn’t require conscious thought, it permits people to simultaneously perform other cognitive tasks that what?

Answer 15

As procedural memory doesn’t require conscious thought, it permits people to simultaneously perform other cognitive tasks that require attention

Question 16

Procedural LTM is associated mainly with the what brain areas of what?

Answer 16

Procedural LTM is associated mainly with the neocortex brain areas of the:

1. Primary motor cortex
2. Cerebellum
3. Prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Procedural LTM is associated mainly with the neocortex brain areas of the primary motor cortex, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex and, unlike explicit forms of LTM, doesn’t need what to function?

Answer 17

Procedural LTM is associated mainly with the neocortex brain areas of the:
1. Primary motor cortex
2. Cerebellum
3. Prefrontal cortex
and, unlike explicit forms of LTM, doesn’t need the hippocampus to function

Question 18

Who (what year) reported the case study of PM?

Answer 18

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM

Question 19

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, who?

Answer 19

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist

Question 20

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered what after contracting encephalitis?

Answer 20

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis

Question 21

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis, resulting in what?

Answer 21

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis, resulting in severe amnesia

Question 22

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis, resulting in severe amnesia.
His what LTM were very affected?

Answer 22

His:
1. Episodic
2. Semantic
LTM were very affected

Question 23

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis, resulting in severe amnesia.
His episodic and semantic LTM were very affected, but although he could not remember what, such as the names of what, his ability to do what was unaffected?

Answer 23

His episodic and semantic LTM were very affected, but although he could not remember musical facts, such as the names of famous composers, his ability to:
1. Read
2. Play
music was unaffected

Question 24

Finke et al. (2012) reported the case study of PM, a 68 year old professional cellist, who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis, resulting in severe amnesia.
His episodic and semantic LTM were very affected, but although he could not remember musical facts, such as the names of famous composers, his ability to read and play music was unaffected, including what?

Answer 24

His episodic and semantic LTM were very affected, but although he could not remember musical facts, such as the names of famous composers, his ability to:
1. Read
2. Play
music was unaffected, including the learning of new complex pieces

Question 25

Who (what year) compared how many heavy cocaine users with how many non-abusing controls?

Answer 25

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared: 1. 37 heavy cocaine users with 2. 27 non-abusing controls

Question 26

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on what?

Answer 26

``` Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared: 1. 37 heavy cocaine users with 2. 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability ```

Question 27

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for how long?

Answer 27

``` Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared: 1. 37 heavy cocaine users with 2. 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period ```

Question 28

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after doing what?

Answer 28

``` Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared: 1. 37 heavy cocaine users with 2. 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug ```

Question 29

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug. What was the interesting finding?

Answer 29

The interesting finding was that the former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than non-users

Question 30

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug. The interesting finding was that the former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than non-users. What does abstinence from cocaine cause?

Answer 30

Abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to be much increased

Question 31

Van Gorp et al. (1999) compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug. The interesting finding was that the former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than non-users. As abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to be much increased, what does this suggest?

Answer 31

As abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to be much increased, this suggests that dopamine plays a part in procedural LTM

Question 32

Evaluation: | One problem in deciding which brain areas are involved in procedural memory is what?

Answer 32

One problem in deciding which brain areas are involved in procedural memory is the relative lack of research

Question 33

Evaluation: One problem in deciding which brain areas are involved in procedural memory is the relative lack of research. What is needed?

Answer 33

What is needed are case studies of people with brain damage that affects: 1. Procedural memory ,but not 2. Explicit memory (semantic and episodic memory)

Question 34

Evaluation: One problem in deciding which brain areas are involved in procedural memory is the relative lack of research. What is needed are case studies of people with brain damage that affects procedural memory, but not explicit memory (semantic and episodic memory). However, such cases are what?

Answer 34

Such cases are rare

Question 35

Evaluation: | Procedural memories generally take what than explicit memory abilities?

Answer 35

Procedural memories generally take longer to learn than explicit memory abilities

Question 36

Evaluation: Procedural memories generally take longer to learn than explicit memory abilities. Why may this be?

Answer 36

This may be because procedural memory involves: 1. Motor functions 2. Spatial abilities

Question 37

Evaluation: Procedural memories generally take longer to learn than explicit memory abilities. This may be because procedural memory involves motor functions and spatial abilities, while explicit memory tends not to (though the learning of procedural memories can also involve what, too)?

Answer 37

This may be because procedural memory involves: 1. Motor functions 2. Spatial abilities ,while explicit memory tends not to (though the learning of procedural memories can also involve higher-level processing, too)

Question 38

A good example of procedural memory

Answer 38

A good example of procedural memory is driving a car

Question 39

A good example of procedural memory is driving a car. | Our ability to do this (eventually) depends on what?

Answer 39

Our ability to do this (eventually) depends on procedural memory

Question 40

A good example of procedural memory is driving a car. Our ability to do this (eventually) depends on procedural memory. Example

Answer 40

For example, we: 1. Change gear without having to recall how 2. Indicate left or right at a junction without even realising we've done so

Question 41

A good example of procedural memory is driving a car. Our ability to do this (eventually) depends on procedural memory. For example, we change gear without having to recall how and we indicate left or right at a junction without even realising we've done so. These are the sorts of skills we might even find what?

Answer 41

These are the sorts of skills we might even find quite hard to explain to someone else

Question 42

A good example of procedural memory is driving a car. Our ability to do this (eventually) depends on procedural memory. For example, we change gear without having to recall how and we indicate left or right at a junction without even realising we've done so. These are the sorts of skills we might even find quite hard to explain to someone else. If you try to describe what you are doing as you do what, the task may well do what?

Answer 42

If you try to describe what you are doing as you drive the car, the task may well become more difficult