1.3: Situational variables Flashcards
Situational variables
Situational variables are features of an environment that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures
Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over what?
Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform
Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform.
Asch was further interested in what?
Asch was further interested in the conditions that might lead to an: 1. Increase Or, 2. Decrease in conformity
Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform.
Asch was further interested in the conditions that might lead to an increase or decrease in conformity.
Asch investigated these conditions by carrying out what?
Asch investigated these conditions by carrying out some variations of his original procedure
Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform.
Asch was further interested in the conditions that might lead to an increase or decrease in conformity.
Asch investigated these conditions by carrying out some variations of his original procedure.
Some factors that Asch changed were what?
Some factors that Asch changed were:
- Group size
- Unanimity
- Task difficulty
Some factors that Asch changed were group size, unanimity and task difficulty.
What is group size?
Group size is the number of members within a social group
Some factors that Asch changed were group size, unanimity and task difficulty.
What is unanimity?
Unanimity is to what degree the group members are in agreement with each other
Some factors that Asch changed were group size, unanimity and task difficulty.
What is task difficulty?
Task difficulty is how obvious the correct: 1. Answer Or, 2. Decision is when regarding a task
Group size:
Research indicates that conformity rates do what as the size of a majority influence increases?
Research indicates that conformity rates increase as the size of a majority influence increases
Group size:
Research indicates that conformity rates increase as the size of a majority influence increases, but there comes a point where what?
Research indicates that conformity rates increase as the size of a majority influence increases, but there comes a point where further increases in the size of the majority doesn’t lead to further increases in conformity
Individual variables
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures
Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was what?
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low
Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to what with 2 confederates?
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates
Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates and what with 3 confederates?
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to:
- 13% with 2 confederates
- 32% with 3 confederates
Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates and 32% with 3 confederates (around the same rate as in what)?
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to:
1. 13% with 2 confederates
2. 32% with 3 confederates
(around the same rate as in his original study)
Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates and 32% with 3 confederates (around the same rate as in his original study).
Adding extra confederates (up to what) had what on the overall conformity rate?
Adding extra confederates (up to 15 confederates) had no further effect on the overall conformity rate
Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a what would affect what?
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity
Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when what?
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous
Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous.
The important factor though would seem to be what?
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement
Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous.
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than what?
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than an individual being given support for their opinions
Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous.
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than an individual being given support for their opinions, because conformity drops if a rebel goes against what?
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than an individual being given support for their opinions, because conformity drops if a rebel goes against the majority who don’t support the rebel’s viewpoint
Unanimity:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity did what?
Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity dropped from:
1. Around 32%
to
2. 5.5%
Unanimity:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity dropped from around 32% to 5.5%, but if the ‘rebel’ went against both the other confederates and the real participant, conformity did what?
Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity dropped from:
1. Around 32%
to
2. 5.5%
,but if the ‘rebel’ went against both the other confederates and the real participant, conformity still dropped to 9%
Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more what to judge the what?
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect
Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect.
Greater what are seen when task difficulty increases?
Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases
Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect.
Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases, because the right answer becomes what?
Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases, because the right answer becomes less obvious
Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect.
Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases, because the right answer becomes less obvious.
This means that individuals will look to others more for guidance as to what the correct response is, suggesting that what is the dominant force?
This means that individuals will look to others more for guidance as to what the correct response is, suggesting that ISI is the dominant force
Task difficulty:
Research:
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by doing what?
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other
Task difficulty:
Research:
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to do what?
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers
Task difficulty:
Research:
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers, thus demonstrating what?
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers, thus demonstrating the effect of task difficulty on conformity
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a what?
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more what?
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a what to a what mood?
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a: 1. Fearful to 2. More relaxed mood
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Who found that participants were more likely to conform to what when in a positive rather than neutral or negative mood?
Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than: 1. Neutral Or, 2. Negative mood
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than neutral or negative mood, illustrating what?
Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than:
1. Neutral
Or,
2. Negative
mood, illustrating the effect mood can have on conformity levels
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than neutral or negative mood, illustrating the effect mood can have on conformity levels.
Who found evidence for a what phenomenon?
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both what?
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both:
1. Field
2. Laboratory
settings
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both field and laboratory settings.
Abrupt what led to participants doing what?
Abrupt relief of anxiety states led to participants conforming more readily
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both field and laboratory settings.
Abrupt relief of anxiety states led to participants conforming more readily, again showing how what?
Abrupt relief of anxiety states led to participants conforming more readily, again showing how mood states can affect conformity
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to what levels?
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures what?
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures:
- Are more uniform in their structure
- Have shared values among their members
- Thus find it easier to agree with each other
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into what?
Cultures can also be divided into:
- Collectivist cultures
- Individualist cultures
Collectivist cultures
Collectivist cultures are cultures where:
- People prioritise group loyalty, belonging and fitting into a group over standing out as an individual
- Conformity to social norms is more socialised and expected
Individualist cultures
Individualist cultures are cultures:
- Where people prioritise standing out as an individual over fitting in as a group member
- That tolerate and encourage more deviance from social norms
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures.
Who found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of what?
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of:
1. 25%
to
2. 58%
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures.
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%, while in individualist cultures, it ranged from what?
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%, while in individualist cultures, it ranged from:
1. 14%
to
2. 39%
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures.
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%, while in individualist cultures, it ranged from 14% to 39%, which suggests that what?
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among:
1. Collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%
,while in
2. Individualist cultures, it ranged from 14% to 39%
,which suggests that culture does affect conformity to some extent
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Milgram (1961) found that what percentage of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning what?
Milgram (1961) found that 62% of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning the length of acoustic tones
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Milgram (1961) found that 62% of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning the length of acoustic tones.
Who argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with what?
Avant and Knudson (1993) argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with few ethnic minorities
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Milgram (1961) found that 62% of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning the length of acoustic tones.
Avant and Knudson (1993) argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with few ethnic minorities that does what?
Avant and Knudson (1993) argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with few ethnic minorities that:
- Values and promotes traditional values
- Frowns upon individualism
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Who, using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only what among Yorkshire science students?
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that what?
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to do what?
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to:
- Question things
- Be independent thinkers
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to question things and be independent thinkers.
Indeed, the same researchers found what in young British criminals?
Indeed, the same researchers found a similar conformity rate to Asch’s in young British criminals
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to question things and be independent thinkers.
Indeed, the same researchers, Perrin and Spencer, found a similar conformity rate to Asch’s in young British criminals, which could be said to a lack of what?
Indeed, the same researchers, Perrin and Spencer, found a similar conformity rate to Asch’s in young British criminals, which could be said to a lack of independent thought
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Who (what year) found that males tended to be more what and therefore conform less?
Maslach et al. (1987) found that males:
- Tended to be more independent and assertive
- Therefore conform less
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Maslach et al. (1987) found that males tended to be more independent and assertive and therefore conform less.
Females, however, were what and so conformed to maintain what?
Females, however, were sensitive to others’:
1. Needs
2. Emotions
and so conformed to maintain harmony
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Maslach et al. (1987) found that males tended to be more independent and assertive and therefore conform less.
Females, however, were sensitive to others’ needs and emotions and so conformed to maintain harmony.
These differences in what can therefore explain the varying levels of conformity found between the sexes?
These differences in gender roles can therefore explain the varying levels of conformity found between the sexes
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Who (1932) found that females conformed more?
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more what?
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females what?
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating what?
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males.
Who (what year) supported this view?
Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males.
How did Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) support this view?
Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view by finding that when tasks used had a traditionally male bias females:
- Felt more uncertain
- Conformed more
Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males.
Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view by finding that when tasks used had a traditionally male bias, such as what, females felt more uncertain and conformed more?
Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view by finding that when tasks used had a traditionally male bias, such as involving cars rather than cooking, females:
- Felt more uncertain
- Conformed more
