1.3: Situational variables

Question 1

Situational variables

Answer 1

Situational variables are features of an environment that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures

Question 2

Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over what?

Answer 2

Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform

Question 3

Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform.
Asch was further interested in what?

Answer 3

Asch was further interested in the conditions that might lead to an:
1. Increase
Or,
2. Decrease
in conformity

Question 4

Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform.
Asch was further interested in the conditions that might lead to an increase or decrease in conformity.
Asch investigated these conditions by carrying out what?

Answer 4

Asch investigated these conditions by carrying out some variations of his original procedure

Question 5

Research into majority influence has identified several situational variables that have an influence over the degree to which individuals conform.
Asch was further interested in the conditions that might lead to an increase or decrease in conformity.
Asch investigated these conditions by carrying out some variations of his original procedure.
Some factors that Asch changed were what?

Answer 5

Some factors that Asch changed were:

1. Group size
2. Unanimity
3. Task difficulty

Question 6

Some factors that Asch changed were group size, unanimity and task difficulty.
What is group size?

Answer 6

Group size is the number of members within a social group

Question 7

Some factors that Asch changed were group size, unanimity and task difficulty.
What is unanimity?

Answer 7

Unanimity is to what degree the group members are in agreement with each other

Question 8

Some factors that Asch changed were group size, unanimity and task difficulty.
What is task difficulty?

Answer 8

Task difficulty is how obvious the correct:
1. Answer
Or,
2. Decision
is when regarding a task

Question 9

Group size:

Research indicates that conformity rates do what as the size of a majority influence increases?

Answer 9

Research indicates that conformity rates increase as the size of a majority influence increases

Question 10

Group size:
Research indicates that conformity rates increase as the size of a majority influence increases, but there comes a point where what?

Answer 10

Research indicates that conformity rates increase as the size of a majority influence increases, but there comes a point where further increases in the size of the majority doesn’t lead to further increases in conformity

Question 11

Individual variables

Answer 11

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures

Question 12

Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was what?

Answer 12

Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low

Question 13

Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to what with 2 confederates?

Answer 13

Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates

Question 14

Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates and what with 3 confederates?

Answer 14

Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to:

1. 13% with 2 confederates
2. 32% with 3 confederates

Question 15

Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates and 32% with 3 confederates (around the same rate as in what)?

Answer 15

Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to:
1. 13% with 2 confederates
2. 32% with 3 confederates
(around the same rate as in his original study)

Question 16

Group size:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that with one real participant and one confederate, conformity was low, rising to 13% with 2 confederates and 32% with 3 confederates (around the same rate as in his original study).
Adding extra confederates (up to what) had what on the overall conformity rate?

Answer 16

Adding extra confederates (up to 15 confederates) had no further effect on the overall conformity rate

Question 17

Unanimity:

Asch was interested in whether a what would affect what?

Answer 17

Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity

Question 18

Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when what?

Answer 18

Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous

Question 19

Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous.
The important factor though would seem to be what?

Answer 19

The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement

Question 20

Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous.
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than what?

Answer 20

The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than an individual being given support for their opinions

Question 21

Unanimity:
Asch was interested in whether a non-conformist would affect the naive participants’ conformity.
Conformity rates have been found to decline when majority influence is not unanimous.
The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than an individual being given support for their opinions, because conformity drops if a rebel goes against what?

Answer 21

The important factor though would seem to be the reduction in the majority’s agreement, rather than an individual being given support for their opinions, because conformity drops if a rebel goes against the majority who don’t support the rebel’s viewpoint

Question 22

Unanimity:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity did what?

Answer 22

Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity dropped from:
1. Around 32%
to
2. 5.5%

Question 23

Unanimity:
Research:
Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity dropped from around 32% to 5.5%, but if the ‘rebel’ went against both the other confederates and the real participant, conformity did what?

Answer 23

Asch (1956) found that If there was one confederate who went against the other confederates, conformity dropped from:
1. Around 32%
to
2. 5.5%
,but if the ‘rebel’ went against both the other confederates and the real participant, conformity still dropped to 9%

Question 24

Task difficulty:

Asch made the line-judging more what to judge the what?

Answer 24

Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect

Question 25

Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect.
Greater what are seen when task difficulty increases?

Answer 25

Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases

Question 26

Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect.
Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases, because the right answer becomes what?

Answer 26

Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases, because the right answer becomes less obvious

Question 27

Task difficulty:
Asch made the line-judging more difficult to judge the effect.
Greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases, because the right answer becomes less obvious.
This means that individuals will look to others more for guidance as to what the correct response is, suggesting that what is the dominant force?

Answer 27

This means that individuals will look to others more for guidance as to what the correct response is, suggesting that ISI is the dominant force

Question 28

Task difficulty:
Research:
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by doing what?

Answer 28

Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other

Question 29

Task difficulty:
Research:
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to do what?

Answer 29

Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers

Question 30

Task difficulty:
Research:
Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers, thus demonstrating what?

Answer 30

Asch (1956) increased task difficulty by making the comparison lines similar to each other, finding that when he did so participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers, thus demonstrating the effect of task difficulty on conformity

Question 31

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a what?

Answer 31

Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood

Question 32

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more what?

Answer 32

Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others

Question 33

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a what to a what mood?

Answer 33

Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a:
1. Fearful
to
2. More relaxed
mood

Question 34

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Who found that participants were more likely to conform to what when in a positive rather than neutral or negative mood?

Answer 34

Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than:
1. Neutral
Or,
2. Negative
mood

Question 35

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than neutral or negative mood, illustrating what?

Answer 35

Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than:
1. Neutral
Or,
2. Negative
mood, illustrating the effect mood can have on conformity levels

Question 36

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Tong et al. (2008) found that participants were more likely to conform to wrong answers to mathematical questions given by confederates when in a positive rather than neutral or negative mood, illustrating the effect mood can have on conformity levels.
Who found evidence for a what phenomenon?

Answer 36

Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon

Question 37

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both what?

Answer 37

Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both:
1. Field
2. Laboratory
settings

Question 38

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both field and laboratory settings.
Abrupt what led to participants doing what?

Answer 38

Abrupt relief of anxiety states led to participants conforming more readily

Question 39

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Mood:
Research suggests that humans will conform more when they’re in a good mood, perhaps because when happy they are more amenable to agreeing with others.
Research has also indicated that people will conform more readily when moving from a fearful to a more relaxed mood.
Dolinski (1998) found evidence for a fear-then-relief phenomenon, in both field and laboratory settings.
Abrupt relief of anxiety states led to participants conforming more readily, again showing how what?

Answer 39

Abrupt relief of anxiety states led to participants conforming more readily, again showing how mood states can affect conformity

Question 40

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to what levels?

Answer 40

People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels

Question 41

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures what?

Answer 41

People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures:

1. Are more uniform in their structure
2. Have shared values among their members
3. Thus find it easier to agree with each other

Question 42

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into what?

Answer 42

Cultures can also be divided into:

1. Collectivist cultures
2. Individualist cultures

Question 43

Collectivist cultures

Answer 43

Collectivist cultures are cultures where:

1. People prioritise group loyalty, belonging and fitting into a group over standing out as an individual
2. Conformity to social norms is more socialised and expected

Question 44

Individualist cultures

Answer 44

Individualist cultures are cultures:

1. Where people prioritise standing out as an individual over fitting in as a group member
2. That tolerate and encourage more deviance from social norms

Question 45

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures.
Who found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of what?

Answer 45

Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of:
1. 25%
to
2. 58%

Question 46

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures.
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%, while in individualist cultures, it ranged from what?

Answer 46

Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%, while in individualist cultures, it ranged from:
1. 14%
to
2. 39%

Question 47

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
People from different cultures have been shown to conform to different levels, possibly because some cultures are more uniform in their structure, have shared values among their members and thus find it easier to agree with each other.
Cultures can also be divided into collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures.
Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%, while in individualist cultures, it ranged from 14% to 39%, which suggests that what?

Answer 47

Smith and Bond (1993) found an average conformity rate among:
1. Collectivist cultures of 25% to 58%
,while in
2. Individualist cultures, it ranged from 14% to 39%
,which suggests that culture does affect conformity to some extent

Question 48

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Milgram (1961) found that what percentage of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning what?

Answer 48

Milgram (1961) found that 62% of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning the length of acoustic tones

Question 49

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Milgram (1961) found that 62% of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning the length of acoustic tones.
Who argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with what?

Answer 49

Avant and Knudson (1993) argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with few ethnic minorities

Question 50

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Milgram (1961) found that 62% of Norwegian participants conformed to obviously wrong answers concerning the length of acoustic tones.
Avant and Knudson (1993) argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with few ethnic minorities that does what?

Answer 50

Avant and Knudson (1993) argue that this is due to Norway being a very cohesive country with few ethnic minorities that:

1. Values and promotes traditional values
2. Frowns upon individualism

Question 51

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Who, using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only what among Yorkshire science students?

Answer 51

Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students

Question 52

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that what?

Answer 52

Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels

Question 53

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to do what?

Answer 53

Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to:

1. Question things
2. Be independent thinkers

Question 54

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to question things and be independent thinkers.
Indeed, the same researchers found what in young British criminals?

Answer 54

Indeed, the same researchers found a similar conformity rate to Asch’s in young British criminals

Question 55

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Culture:
Perrin and Spencer (1980), using the Asch paradigm, found a conformity level of only 0.25% among Yorkshire science students, which suggests that Britons have very low conformity levels, although a different explanation might be that science students are taught to question things and be independent thinkers.
Indeed, the same researchers, Perrin and Spencer, found a similar conformity rate to Asch’s in young British criminals, which could be said to a lack of what?

Answer 55

Indeed, the same researchers, Perrin and Spencer, found a similar conformity rate to Asch’s in young British criminals, which could be said to a lack of independent thought

Question 56

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Who (what year) found that males tended to be more what and therefore conform less?

Answer 56

Maslach et al. (1987) found that males:

1. Tended to be more independent and assertive
2. Therefore conform less

Question 57

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Maslach et al. (1987) found that males tended to be more independent and assertive and therefore conform less.
Females, however, were what and so conformed to maintain what?

Answer 57

Females, however, were sensitive to others’:
1. Needs
2. Emotions
and so conformed to maintain harmony

Question 58

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Maslach et al. (1987) found that males tended to be more independent and assertive and therefore conform less.
Females, however, were sensitive to others’ needs and emotions and so conformed to maintain harmony.
These differences in what can therefore explain the varying levels of conformity found between the sexes?

Answer 58

These differences in gender roles can therefore explain the varying levels of conformity found between the sexes

Question 59

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Who (1932) found that females conformed more?

Answer 59

Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more

Question 60

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more what?

Answer 60

Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated

Question 61

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females what?

Answer 61

Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements

Question 62

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating what?

Answer 62

Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males

Question 63

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males.
Who (what year) supported this view?

Answer 63

Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view

Question 64

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males.
How did Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) support this view?

Answer 64

Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view by finding that when tasks used had a traditionally male bias females:

1. Felt more uncertain
2. Conformed more

Question 65

Individual variables are personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures.
Gender:
Jenness (1932) found that females conformed more.
Perhaps this occurred because the research task was more male-orientated, making females less sure of their judgements, thus creating more ISI for females than males.
Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view by finding that when tasks used had a traditionally male bias, such as what, females felt more uncertain and conformed more?

Answer 65

Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) supported this view by finding that when tasks used had a traditionally male bias, such as involving cars rather than cooking, females:

1. Felt more uncertain
2. Conformed more