3.4: Ainsworth et al's 1978 'Strange Situation'

Question 1

What influenced Mary Ainsworth?

Answer 1

Bowlby’s monotropic theory influenced Mary Ainsworth

Question 2

Bowlby’s monotropic theory influenced Mary Ainsworth, who observed that strongly attached infants had what mothers?

Answer 2

Bowlby's monotropic theory influenced Mary Ainsworth, who observed that strongly attached infants had:
1. Responsive
2. Cooperative
3. Accessible
mothers

Question 3

Ainsworth identified how many important features of attachment, both with survival value?

Answer 3

Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value:

1. Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened
2. Secure attachments allow infants to explore

Question 4

Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value - Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened and secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids what)?

Answer 4

Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value:

1. Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened
2. Secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids cognitive and social development)

Question 5

Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value - Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened and secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids cognitive and social development), using their attached figure as a safe base to do what?

Answer 5

Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value:

1. Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened
2. Secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids cognitive and social development), using their attached figure as a safe base to explore from and return to

Question 6

Strange Situation

Answer 6

The Strange Situation is the accepted observational testing method for measuring:

1. Attachment types
2. Attachment security

Question 7

What was the aim of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study

Answer 7

What was the aim of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was to be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a child’s attachment to a caregiver

Question 8

What was the procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?

Answer 8

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions

Question 9

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a what)?

Answer 9

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory)

Question 10

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a what?

Answer 10

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour

Question 11

The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.'
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
What did the behaviours used to judge attachment include?

Answer 11

The behaviours used to judge attachment included:

1. Proximity seeking
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour
3. Stranger anxiety
4. Separation anxiety
5. Response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions

Question 12

The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.'
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - What will an infant with a good attachment do?

Answer 12

Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver

Question 13

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as what?

Answer 13

Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe

Question 14

The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.'
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when what?

Answer 14

Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches

Question 15

The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.'
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to do what?

Answer 15

Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver

Question 16

The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.'
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
How many episodes does the procedure have?

Answer 16

The procedure has 7 episodes

Question 17

The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.'
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last how long?

Answer 17

The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes

Question 18

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including what?

Answer 18

The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning

Question 19

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that what happens?

Answer 19

The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that:
1. The child
2. The caregiver
enter an unfamiliar playroom

Question 20

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
What is the first episode?

Answer 20

The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore

Question 21

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing what?

Answer 21

The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour

Question 22

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
What is the second episode?

Answer 22

The second episode is that a stranger:

1. Comes in
2. Tries to interact with the child

Question 23

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing what?

Answer 23

The second episode is that a stranger:
1. Comes in
2. Tries to interact with the child
,testing stranger anxiety

Question 24

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
What is the third episode?

Answer 24

The third episode is that the caregiver leaves:
1. The child
2. The stranger
together

Question 25

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing what?

Answer 25

The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing:

1. Stranger anxiety
2. Separation anxiety

Question 26

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
What is the fourth stage?

Answer 26

The forth stage is that:

1. The caregiver returns
2. The stranger leaves

Question 27

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing what?

Answer 27

The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing:

1. Exploration and secure-base behaviour
2. Response to union with the caregiver

Question 28

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
What is the fifth stage?

Answer 28

The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone

Question 29

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing what?

Answer 29

The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety

Question 30

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
What is the sixth stage?

Answer 30

The sixth stage is that the stranger returns

Question 31

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing what?

Answer 31

The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing stranger anxiety

Question 32

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing stranger anxiety.
What is the seventh stage?

Answer 32

The seventh stage is that the caregiver:

1. Returns
2. Is reunited with the child

Question 33

The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing stranger anxiety.
The seventh stage is that the caregiver returns and is reunited with the child, testing what?

Answer 33

The seventh stage is that the caregiver:
1. Returns
2. Is reunited with the child
,testing reunion behaviour

Question 34

What are the findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?

Answer 34

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either:
1. After the stranger entered
Or,
2. When the mother was absent

Question 35

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:

1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) find?

Answer 35

Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved

Question 36

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
What did reunion behaviours reflect?

Answer 36

Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment:

1. Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A)
2. Secure attachment (type B)
3. Insecure-resistant attachment (type C)

Question 37

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
What % of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A)?

Answer 37

15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A)

Question 38

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A).
What % of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B)?

Answer 38

70% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B)

Question 39

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A).
70% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B).
What % of the infants were insecure-resistant?

Answer 39

15% of the infants were insecure-resistant

Question 40

The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A).
70% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B).
15% of the infants were insecure-resistant.
What were the results for British children?

Answer 40

The results for British children were that:

1. 20 - 25% of toddlers are classified as insecure-avoidant (type A)
2. 60 - 75% of toddlers are classified as securely attached (type B)
3. 3% of toddlers are classified as insecure-resistant (type C)

Question 41

Secure attachment

Answer 41

Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type

Question 42

Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with what outcomes?

Answer 42

Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes

Question 43

Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes.
In the Strange Situation, what is this shown by?

Answer 43

In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:

1. Moderate stranger and separation anxiety
2. Ease of comfort at reunion

Question 44

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 44

Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by:
1. Low anxiety
,but
2. Weak attachment

Question 45

Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, what is this shown by?

Answer 45

In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:

1. Low stranger and separation anxiety
2. Little response to reunion

Question 46

Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - what of the caregiver?

Answer 46

In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:

1. Low stranger and separation anxiety
2. Little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver

Question 47

Insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 47

Insecure-resistant attachment is an attachment type characterised by:

1. Strong attachment
2. High anxiety

Question 48

Insecure-resistant attachment is an attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety.
In the Strange Situation, what is this shown by?

Answer 48

In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:

1. High levels of stranger and separation anxiety
2. Resistance to be comforted at reunion

Question 49

Insecure-resistant attachment is an attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and resistance to be comforted at reunion.
These children seek greater proximity than others and so do what?

Answer 49

These children:

1. Seek greater proximity than others
2. So explore less

Question 50

Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
These children explore freely, but do not do what?

Answer 50

These children explore freely, but do not:
1. Seek proximity
Or,
2. Show secure-base behaviour

Question 51

Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
These children explore freely, but do not seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour.
They show little or no reaction when their caregiver leaves and they make little effort to make contact when the caregiver returns.
They also show little what?

Answer 51

They also show little stranger anxiety

Question 52

Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
These children explore freely, but do not seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour.
They show little or no reaction when their caregiver leaves and they make little effort to make contact when the caregiver returns.
They also show little stranger anxiety.
They do not require what at the reunion stage?

Answer 52

They do not require comfort at the reunion stage

Question 53

Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion.
These children explore happily, but regularly do what?

Answer 53

These children:
1. Explore happily
,but
2. Regularly go back to their caregiver

Question 54

Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion.
These children explore happily, but regularly go back to their caregiver (what)?

Answer 54

These children:
1. Explore happily
,but
2. Regularly go back to their caregiver
(proximity seeking and secure-base behaviour)

Question 55

What is the conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?

Answer 55

The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments

Question 56

The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments, why?

Answer 56

The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments, because sensitive mothers:

1. Correctly interpret infants’ signals
2. Respond appropriately to their needs

Question 57

The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments, because sensitive mothers correctly interpret infants’ signals and respond appropriately to their needs.
Sensitive mothers tend to have securely-attached babies, whereas what?

Answer 57

1. Sensitive mothers tend to have securely-attached babies
   ,whereas
2. Insensitive mothers tend to have insecurely-attached babies

Question 58

What is the evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?

Answer 58

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm

Question 59

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing what?

Answer 59

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments

Question 60

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively what way?

Answer 60

This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way

Question 61

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, why?

Answer 61

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with:
1. The mother
2. The stranger
acting to a ‘script’

Question 62

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks what?

Answer 62

This:

1. Is not representative of everyday situations
2. Thus lacks ecological validity

Question 63

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Who (what year) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment)?

Answer 63

Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger:
1. In a laboratory
than
2. At home (because of the strangeness of the environment)

Question 64

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, why?

Answer 64

This criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally

Question 65

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally.
Example

Answer 65

For example:

1. With a babysitter
2. At their play group

Question 66

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally.
For example, with a babysitter and at their play group.
3. The Strange Situation has been labelled as unethical, why?

Answer 66

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation has been labelled as unethical, because it deliberately stresses infants to see their reactions

Question 67

The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally.
For example, with a babysitter and at their play group.
3. The Strange Situation has been labelled as unethical, because it deliberately stresses infants to see their reactions.
Infants clearly found most of the situations distressing, for example showing stranger anxiety.
What about informed consent and prior to each study, was the mother informed of the potential distress that their baby might experience?
However, it can be seen is justifiable, why?

Answer 67

It can be seen as justifiable, because the stress caused is no greater than that of everyday experiences like being left with an unfamiliar:
1. Babysitter
Or,
2. Childminder

Question 68

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing what?

Answer 68

There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity

Question 69

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Who (what year) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with?

Answer 69

Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with

Question 70

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but what?

Answer 70

Children might be:
1. Insecurely attached to their mothers
,but
2. Securely attached to their fathers

Question 71

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating what?

Answer 71

Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating that attachment types:

1. Are linked to individual relationships with carers
2. Are not set characteristics of children

Question 72

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating that attachment types are linked to individual relationships with carers and are not set characteristics of children.
Therefore, what may we have to question?

Answer 72

Therefore, we may have to question the:
1. Validity
2. Use
of the Strange Situation

Question 73

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating that attachment types are linked to individual relationships with carers and are not set characteristics of children.
Therefore, we may have to question the validity and the use of the Strange Situation, why?

Answer 73

Therefore, we may have to question the validity and the use of the Strange Situation, because it is measuring:
1. Relationships with different people
,not
2. Attachment types

Question 74

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation is reliable, why?

Answer 74

The Strange Situation is reliable, because children tested at different times generally have identical attachment types

Question 75

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation is reliable, because children tested at different times generally have identical attachment types.
Who (what year) found that all infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age?

Answer 75

Main et al. (1985) found that all infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age

Question 76

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation is reliable, because children tested at different times generally have identical attachment types.
Main et al. (1985) found that all infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age and that what?

Answer 76

Main et al. (1985) found that:

1. All infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age
2. 75% identified as insecure-avoidant still were

Question 77

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what?

Answer 77

Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with

Question 78

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
Why may this be?

Answer 78

This may be because:

1. The Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions
2. The behavioural categories are easy to observe

Question 79

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, who (what year) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers?

Answer 79

In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers

Question 80

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found what?

Answer 80

In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012):

1. Looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers
2. Found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies

Question 81

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies.
What does this mean?

Answer 81

This means that we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation does not just depend on who is observing them

Question 82

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies.
This means that we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation does not just depend on who is observing them, so the Strange Situation has good what?

Answer 82

This means that we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation does not just depend on who is observing them, so the Strange Situation has good reliability

Question 83

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
What is attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation strongly predictive of?

Answer 83

Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development

Question 84

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from what?

Answer 84

Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success:
1. At school
to
2. Romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood

Question 85

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
What attachment is associated with the worst outcomes?

Answer 85

Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes

Question 86

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including what, as supported by who?

Answer 86

Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including:

1. Bullying in later childhood, as supported by Kokkinos (2007)
2. Adult mental health problems, as supported by Ward et al. (2006)

Question 87

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including bullying in later childhood, as supported by Kokkinos (2007) and adult mental health problems, as supported by Ward et al. (2006).
What is this evidence for?

Answer 87

This is evidence for the validity of the concept

Question 88

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including bullying in later childhood, as supported by Kokkinos (2007) and adult mental health problems, as supported by Ward et al. (2006).
This is evidence for the validity of the concept, why?

Answer 88

This is evidence for the validity of the concept, because it can explain subsequent outcomes

Question 89

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is what?

Answer 89

What is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment

Question 90

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment, as Ainsworth assumed.
Who (what year) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment?

Answer 90

Jerome Kagan (1982) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment

Question 91

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment, as Ainsworth assumed.
Jerome Kagan (1982) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
What does this mean?

Answer 91

This means that temperament may be a confounding variable

Question 92

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment, as Ainsworth assumed.
Jerome Kagan (1982) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable, so what?

Answer 92

This means that temperament may be a confounding variable, so this challenges the validity of the Strange Situation

Question 93

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Replication was easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world, especially where?

Answer 93

The method has been employed in studies all over the world

Question 94

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Replication was easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world.
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity, but, because replication was easy, researchers were able to do what?

Answer 94

Initially, it was ethnocentric, because all 106 infants used were American and middle-class, but, because replication was easy, researchers were able to carry out cross-cultural research

Question 95

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a what test?

Answer 95

There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test

Question 96

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it what?

Answer 96

There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside:

1. Western Europe
2. USA

Question 97

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, what?

Answer 97

This is for 2 reasons:

1. Cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation
2. Caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation

Question 98

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation and caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation.
Example

Answer 98

For example, Takahashi (1990) has noted that the test does not really work in Japan, because Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their babies that, as we would expect, there are very high levels of separation anxiety

Question 99

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation and caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation.
For example, Takahashi (1990) has noted that the test does not really work in Japan, because Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their babies that, as we would expect, there are very high levels of separation anxiety (which is also unethical).
As well as this, in the reunion stage, what did Japanese mothers do?

Answer 99

As well as this, in the reunion stage, Japanese mothers:

1. Rushed to the baby
2. Scooped the up

Question 100

Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation and caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation.
For example, Takahashi (1990) has noted that the test does not really work in Japan, because Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their babies that, as we would expect, there are very high levels of separation anxiety (which is also unethical).
As well as this, in the reunion stage, Japanese mothers rushed to the baby and scooped the up, meaning what?

Answer 100

As well as this, in the reunion stage, Japanese mothers:
1. Rushed to the baby
2. Scooped the up
,meaning that the child’s response was hard to observe