3.4: Ainsworth et al's 1978 'Strange Situation' Flashcards
What influenced Mary Ainsworth?
Bowlby’s monotropic theory influenced Mary Ainsworth
Bowlby’s monotropic theory influenced Mary Ainsworth, who observed that strongly attached infants had what mothers?
Bowlby's monotropic theory influenced Mary Ainsworth, who observed that strongly attached infants had: 1. Responsive 2. Cooperative 3. Accessible mothers
Ainsworth identified how many important features of attachment, both with survival value?
Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value:
- Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened
- Secure attachments allow infants to explore
Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value - Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened and secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids what)?
Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value:
- Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened
- Secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids cognitive and social development)
Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value - Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened and secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids cognitive and social development), using their attached figure as a safe base to do what?
Ainsworth identified 2 important features of attachment, both with survival value:
- Infants seek proximity to their mothers, especially when feeling threatened
- Secure attachments allow infants to explore (behaviour that aids cognitive and social development), using their attached figure as a safe base to explore from and return to
Strange Situation
The Strange Situation is the accepted observational testing method for measuring:
- Attachment types
- Attachment security
What was the aim of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study
What was the aim of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was to be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a child’s attachment to a caregiver
What was the procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a what)?
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory)
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a what?
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour
The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour. The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.' The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used. What did the behaviours used to judge attachment include?
The behaviours used to judge attachment included:
- Proximity seeking
- Exploration and secure-base behaviour
- Stranger anxiety
- Separation anxiety
- Response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions
The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour. The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.' The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used. The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions. 1. Proximity seeking - What will an infant with a good attachment do?
Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as what?
Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe
The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour. The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.' The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used. The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions. 1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver. 2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe. 3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when what?
Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches
The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour. The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.' The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used. The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions. 1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver. 2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe. 3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches. 4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to do what?
Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver
The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour. The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.' The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used. The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions. 1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver. 2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe. 3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches. 4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver. How many episodes does the procedure have?
The procedure has 7 episodes
The procedure of Ainsworth et al's 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour. The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name 'Strange Situation.' The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used. The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions. 1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver. 2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe. 3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches. 4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver. The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last how long?
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including what?
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that what happens?
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that:
1. The child
2. The caregiver
enter an unfamiliar playroom
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
What is the first episode?
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing what?
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
What is the second episode?
The second episode is that a stranger:
- Comes in
- Tries to interact with the child
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing what?
The second episode is that a stranger:
1. Comes in
2. Tries to interact with the child
,testing stranger anxiety
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
What is the third episode?
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves:
1. The child
2. The stranger
together
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing what?
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing:
- Stranger anxiety
- Separation anxiety
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
What is the fourth stage?
The forth stage is that:
- The caregiver returns
- The stranger leaves
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing what?
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing:
- Exploration and secure-base behaviour
- Response to union with the caregiver
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
What is the fifth stage?
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing what?
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
What is the sixth stage?
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing what?
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing stranger anxiety
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing stranger anxiety.
What is the seventh stage?
The seventh stage is that the caregiver:
- Returns
- Is reunited with the child
The procedure of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study was that the Strange Situation is a controlled observation procedure that takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions (a laboratory) with a two-way mirror through which psychologists can observe the infant’s behaviour.
The testing room was an unfamiliar environment, hence the name ‘Strange Situation.’
The infants were aged between 9 and 18 months and 106 white, middle class infants from America were used.
The behaviours used to judge attachment included proximity seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion with the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
1. Proximity seeking - An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.
2. Exploration and secure-base behaviour - Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, as a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
3. Stranger anxiety - One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
4. Separation anxiety - Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
The procedure has 7 episodes, each of which last 3 minutes, not including the beginning, which is that the child and the caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom.
The first episode is that the child is encouraged to explore, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour.
The second episode is that a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child testing stranger anxiety.
The third episode is that the caregiver leaves the child and the stranger together, testing stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
The forth stage is that the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, testing exploration and secure-base behaviour and response to union with the caregiver.
The fifth stage is that the caregiver leaves the child alone, testing separation anxiety.
The sixth stage is that the stranger returns, testing stranger anxiety.
The seventh stage is that the caregiver returns and is reunited with the child, testing what?
The seventh stage is that the caregiver:
1. Returns
2. Is reunited with the child
,testing reunion behaviour
What are the findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either:
1. After the stranger entered
Or,
2. When the mother was absent
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
- Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
- What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) find?
Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
What did reunion behaviours reflect?
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment:
- Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A)
- Secure attachment (type B)
- Insecure-resistant attachment (type C)
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
What % of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A)?
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A)
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A).
What % of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B)?
70% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B)
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A).
70% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B).
What % of the infants were insecure-resistant?
15% of the infants were insecure-resistant
The findings of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study are that:
1. Generally infants explored the playroom and toys more enthusiastically when just the mother was present than either after the stranger entered or when the mother was absent.
2. Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved.
Reunion behaviours reflected 3 types of attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A), secure attachment (type B) and insecure-resistant attachment (type C).
15% of the infants were insecure-avoidant (type A).
70% of the infants were securely attached to their mothers (type B).
15% of the infants were insecure-resistant.
What were the results for British children?
The results for British children were that:
- 20 - 25% of toddlers are classified as insecure-avoidant (type A)
- 60 - 75% of toddlers are classified as securely attached (type B)
- 3% of toddlers are classified as insecure-resistant (type C)
Secure attachment
Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type
Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with what outcomes?
Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes
Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes.
In the Strange Situation, what is this shown by?
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:
- Moderate stranger and separation anxiety
- Ease of comfort at reunion
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by:
1. Low anxiety
,but
2. Weak attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, what is this shown by?
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:
- Low stranger and separation anxiety
- Little response to reunion
Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - what of the caregiver?
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:
- Low stranger and separation anxiety
- Little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver
Insecure-resistant attachment
Insecure-resistant attachment is an attachment type characterised by:
- Strong attachment
- High anxiety
Insecure-resistant attachment is an attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety.
In the Strange Situation, what is this shown by?
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by:
- High levels of stranger and separation anxiety
- Resistance to be comforted at reunion
Insecure-resistant attachment is an attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and resistance to be comforted at reunion.
These children seek greater proximity than others and so do what?
These children:
- Seek greater proximity than others
- So explore less
Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
These children explore freely, but do not do what?
These children explore freely, but do not:
1. Seek proximity
Or,
2. Show secure-base behaviour
Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
These children explore freely, but do not seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour.
They show little or no reaction when their caregiver leaves and they make little effort to make contact when the caregiver returns.
They also show little what?
They also show little stranger anxiety
Insecure-avoidant attachment is an attachment type characterised by low anxiety, but weak attachment.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
These children explore freely, but do not seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour.
They show little or no reaction when their caregiver leaves and they make little effort to make contact when the caregiver returns.
They also show little stranger anxiety.
They do not require what at the reunion stage?
They do not require comfort at the reunion stage
Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion.
These children explore happily, but regularly do what?
These children:
1. Explore happily
,but
2. Regularly go back to their caregiver
Secure attachment is generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes.
In the Strange Situation, this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion.
These children explore happily, but regularly go back to their caregiver (what)?
These children: 1. Explore happily ,but 2. Regularly go back to their caregiver (proximity seeking and secure-base behaviour)
What is the conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?
The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments
The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments, why?
The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments, because sensitive mothers:
- Correctly interpret infants’ signals
- Respond appropriately to their needs
The conclusion of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that sensitive responsiveness is the major factor determining the quality of attachments, because sensitive mothers correctly interpret infants’ signals and respond appropriately to their needs.
Sensitive mothers tend to have securely-attached babies, whereas what?
- Sensitive mothers tend to have securely-attached babies
,whereas - Insensitive mothers tend to have insecurely-attached babies
What is the evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study?
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing what?
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively what way?
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, why?
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with:
1. The mother
2. The stranger
acting to a ‘script’
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks what?
This:
- Is not representative of everyday situations
- Thus lacks ecological validity
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Who (what year) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment)?
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger:
1. In a laboratory
than
2. At home (because of the strangeness of the environment)
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, why?
This criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally.
Example
For example:
- With a babysitter
- At their play group
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally.
For example, with a babysitter and at their play group.
3. The Strange Situation has been labelled as unethical, why?
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that the Strange Situation has been labelled as unethical, because it deliberately stresses infants to see their reactions
The evaluation of Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study is that:
1. The Strange Situation testing procedure has become a paradigm, the accepted method of assessing attachments.
This is an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way.
2. There are validity concerns related to the location being different from the infants’ normal environment.
The Strange Situation is an artificial way of assessing attachment, because it is laboratory based with the mother and the stranger acting to a ‘script.’
This is not representative of everyday situations and thus lacks ecological validity.
Bronfenbrenner (1979) found that infants’ attachment behaviour is much more stronger in a laboratory than when at home (because of the strangeness of the environment).
However, this criticism may be limited, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally.
For example, with a babysitter and at their play group.
3. The Strange Situation has been labelled as unethical, because it deliberately stresses infants to see their reactions.
Infants clearly found most of the situations distressing, for example showing stranger anxiety.
What about informed consent and prior to each study, was the mother informed of the potential distress that their baby might experience?
However, it can be seen is justifiable, why?
It can be seen as justifiable, because the stress caused is no greater than that of everyday experiences like being left with an unfamiliar:
1. Babysitter
Or,
2. Childminder
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing what?
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Who (what year) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with?
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but what?
Children might be:
1. Insecurely attached to their mothers
,but
2. Securely attached to their fathers
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating what?
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating that attachment types:
- Are linked to individual relationships with carers
- Are not set characteristics of children
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating that attachment types are linked to individual relationships with carers and are not set characteristics of children.
Therefore, what may we have to question?
Therefore, we may have to question the:
1. Validity
2. Use
of the Strange Situation
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is evidence to suggest that children can form multiple attachments with different people, showing that the Strange Situation may lack internal validity.
Main and Weston (1981) found that children acted differently in the Strange Situation depending on which parent they were with.
The study looked only at the attachment between the mother and the child, but the child might’ve had a primary attachment to the father.
Children might be insecurely attached to their mothers, but securely attached to their fathers, illustrating that attachment types are linked to individual relationships with carers and are not set characteristics of children.
Therefore, we may have to question the validity and the use of the Strange Situation, why?
Therefore, we may have to question the validity and the use of the Strange Situation, because it is measuring:
1. Relationships with different people
,not
2. Attachment types
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation is reliable, why?
The Strange Situation is reliable, because children tested at different times generally have identical attachment types
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation is reliable, because children tested at different times generally have identical attachment types.
Who (what year) found that all infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age?
Main et al. (1985) found that all infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation is reliable, because children tested at different times generally have identical attachment types.
Main et al. (1985) found that all infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age and that what?
Main et al. (1985) found that:
- All infants identified before 18 months of age were still securely attached at 6 years of age
- 75% identified as insecure-avoidant still were
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what?
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
Why may this be?
This may be because:
- The Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions
- The behavioural categories are easy to observe
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, who (what year) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers?
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found what?
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012):
- Looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers
- Found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies.
What does this mean?
This means that we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation does not just depend on who is observing them
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation shows very good inter-rater reliability.
Different observers watching the same children in the Strange Situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with.
This may be because the Strange Situation takes place under controlled conditions and because the behavioural categories are easy to observe.
In a recent study, Bick et al. (2012) looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies.
This means that we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation does not just depend on who is observing them, so the Strange Situation has good what?
This means that we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation does not just depend on who is observing them, so the Strange Situation has good reliability
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
What is attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation strongly predictive of?
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from what?
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success:
1. At school
to
2. Romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
What attachment is associated with the worst outcomes?
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including what, as supported by who?
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including:
- Bullying in later childhood, as supported by Kokkinos (2007)
- Adult mental health problems, as supported by Ward et al. (2006)
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including bullying in later childhood, as supported by Kokkinos (2007) and adult mental health problems, as supported by Ward et al. (2006).
What is this evidence for?
This is evidence for the validity of the concept
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Attachment type as defined by the Strange Situation is strongly predictive of later development.
Babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas, ranging from success at school to romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood.
Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes, including bullying in later childhood, as supported by Kokkinos (2007) and adult mental health problems, as supported by Ward et al. (2006).
This is evidence for the validity of the concept, why?
This is evidence for the validity of the concept, because it can explain subsequent outcomes
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is what?
What is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment, as Ainsworth assumed.
Who (what year) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment?
Jerome Kagan (1982) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment, as Ainsworth assumed.
Jerome Kagan (1982) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
What does this mean?
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
The Strange Situation measures a child’s responses to the anxiety produced by being in an unfamiliar situation.
That is not a doubt.
However, what is more controversial is whether the main influence on this anxiety is attachment, as Ainsworth assumed.
Jerome Kagan (1982) has suggested that in fact temperament, the genetically influenced personality of the child, is a more important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation than attachment.
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable, so what?
This means that temperament may be a confounding variable, so this challenges the validity of the Strange Situation
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Replication was easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world, especially where?
The method has been employed in studies all over the world
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
Replication was easy.
The method has been employed in studies all over the world.
Initially, the sample was biased, because it was ethnocentric, since all 106 infants used were American, white and middle-class and the study therefore lacked population validity, but, because replication was easy, researchers were able to do what?
Initially, it was ethnocentric, because all 106 infants used were American and middle-class, but, because replication was easy, researchers were able to carry out cross-cultural research
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a what test?
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it what?
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside:
- Western Europe
- USA
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, what?
This is for 2 reasons:
- Cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation
- Caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation and caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation.
Example
For example, Takahashi (1990) has noted that the test does not really work in Japan, because Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their babies that, as we would expect, there are very high levels of separation anxiety
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation and caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation.
For example, Takahashi (1990) has noted that the test does not really work in Japan, because Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their babies that, as we would expect, there are very high levels of separation anxiety (which is also unethical).
As well as this, in the reunion stage, what did Japanese mothers do?
As well as this, in the reunion stage, Japanese mothers:
- Rushed to the baby
- Scooped the up
Ainsworth et al’s 1978 Strange Situation study.
Evaluation:
There is some doubt about whether the Strange Situation is a culture-bound test - that it does not have the same meaning in countries outside Western Europe and USA.
This is for 2 reasons, cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to mean that children respond differently to the Strange Situation and caregivers from different cultures behave differently in the Strange Situation.
For example, Takahashi (1990) has noted that the test does not really work in Japan, because Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their babies that, as we would expect, there are very high levels of separation anxiety (which is also unethical).
As well as this, in the reunion stage, Japanese mothers rushed to the baby and scooped the up, meaning what?
As well as this, in the reunion stage, Japanese mothers:
1. Rushed to the baby
2. Scooped the up
,meaning that the child’s response was hard to observe
