3.3: Bowlby's monotropic theory (1951, 1969, 1973) Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What did John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) have a lifetime interest in?
A
John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) had a lifetime interest in children’s development
2
Q
John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) had a lifetime interest in children’s development, stemming from what?
A
John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) had a lifetime interest in children’s development, stemming from:
- His early work with delinquent children
- The growth of his own 4 children
3
Q
Monotropic theory
A
Monotropic theory is the idea that infants have an inbuilt tendency to make an initial attachment with one attachment figure, usually the mother
4
Q
What was Bowlby heavily influenced by?
A
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies
5
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including what?
A
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including:
- Harlow’s research with monkeys
- Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings
6
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to do what?
A
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including:
1. Harlow’s research with monkeys
2. Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings
,which led him to reject the learning theory
7
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest what?
A
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions
8
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
When did he see attachment bonds as developing?
A
Bowlby saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era
9
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, what did humans face?
A
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators
10
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via what?
A
In the stone-age era:
- Humans faced the constant danger of predators
- So attachments evolved via the process of natural selection
11
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure what?
A
In the stone-age era:
- Humans faced the constant danger of predators
- So attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers
12
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers.
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to do what?
A
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances
13
Q
Learning theory is what and Bowlby’s evolutionary theory is what?
A
Learning theory is nurture and Bowlby’s evolutionary theory is nature
14
Q
What is caregiving also?
A
Caregiving is also an evolutionary behaviour
15
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers.
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances.
What are infants born with?
A
Infants are born with social releasers
16
Q
Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers.
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances.
Infants are born with social releasers.
What are social releasers?
A
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that:
- Elicit caregiving
- Explain how attachments are formed
17
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both what?
A
Social releasers are both:
- Behavioural
- Physical
18
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
What do behavioural social releasers include?
A
Behavioural social releasers include:
- Crying
- Looking, smiling and vocalising
- Following and clinging
19
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to do what, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, and following and clinging?
A
Behavioural social releasers include:
- Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
- Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing
- Following and clinging
20
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to do what, and following and clinging?
A
Behavioural social releasers include:
- Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
- Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest
- Following and clinging
21
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest, and following and clinging, to do what?
A
Behavioural social releasers include:
- Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
- Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest
- Following and clinging, to gain and maintain proximity (physical closeness) to their parents
22
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest, and following and clinging, to gain and maintain proximity (physical closeness) to their parents).
What do physical social releasers include?
A
Physical social releasers include:
- The typical ‘baby face’ features
- How babies’ body proportions are much smaller
23
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
When do infants display these attachment behaviours from?
A
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage
24
Q
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
How do they occur to begin with?
A
They occur in an automatic way to begin with
25
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by who?
They:
1. Occur in an automatic way to begin with
2. Are triggered at first by many people
26
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, who do these behaviours become focused on?
During the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals
27
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved a what system between infants and their carers?
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved a complementary system between:
1. Infants
2. Their carers
28
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants' signals how?
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants' signals in a meaningful way
29
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants' signals in a meaningful way.
Although Bowlby saw this as generally occurring between infants and their biological mothers, what did he admit?
Although Bowlby saw this as generally occurring between infants and their biological mothers, he admitted that this could, occasionally, occur with:
1. Their fathers
Or,
2. Even a non-biological figure
30
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants' signals in a meaningful way.
Although Bowlby saw this as generally occurring between infants and their biological mothers, he admitted that this could, occasionally, occur with their fathers or even a non-biological figure.
What does this explain?
This explains how close attachments to adopted parents can occur
31
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to do what?
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother
32
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is what?
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet'
33
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet.'
What does this mean?
This means that infants:
1. Have no need to cry or cling
2. So they can get on with playing and exploring
34
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet.'
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which does what?
This means that infants:
1. Have no need to cry or cling
2. So they can get on with playing and exploring
,which helps mental and social development
35
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet.'
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother does what or a stranger does what, what happens?
When the state is threatened, such as when:
1. The mother disappears from view
Or,
2. A stranger approaches
,attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
36
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet.'
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother disappears from view or a stranger approaches, attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
Generally, when are attachment behaviours seen?
```
Generally, attachment behaviours are seen when children are:
1. Upset
2. Ill
3. Scared
Or,
4. In strange surroundings
```
37
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet.'
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother disappears from view or a stranger approaches, attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
Generally, attachment behaviours are seen when children are upset, ill, scared or in strange surroundings.
The particular responses that are produced change as children do what?
The particular responses that are produced change as children:
1. Grow
2. Become more competent
38
Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is 'quiet.'
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother disappears from view or a stranger approaches, attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
Generally, attachment behaviours are seen when children are upset, ill, scared or in strange surroundings.
The particular responses that are produced change as children grow and become more competent, how?
The particular responses that are produced change as children grow and become more competent:
1. Cognitively
2. Behaviourally
39
According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its what?
According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value
40
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents' attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest, and following and clinging, to gain and maintain proximity (physical closeness) to their parents).
Physical social releasers include the typical 'baby face' features, what, and how babies' body proportions are much smaller?
Physical social releasers include the typical 'baby face' features:
1. Big eyes
2. Tiny noses
3. Small, pointy chins
4. High foreheads
,and how babies' body proportions are much smaller
41
Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releases include crying, looking, smiling and vocalising, like what, and following and clinging?
Behavioural social releasers include:
1. Crying, to attract their parents' attention
2. Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing
3. Following and clinging
42
According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value.
Why are attachments an adaptive advantage?
Attachments are an adaptive advantage, because they enable us to effectively adapt to our environment
43
According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value.
Attachments are an adaptive advantage, because they enable us to effectively adapt to our environment.
Example
For example:
1. Learning to walk
2. Being fed
means that we are ore likely to survive
44
The evolutionary theory says that the tendency to form attachments is what?
The evolutionary theory says that the tendency to form attachments is innate
45
The evolutionary theory says that the tendency to form attachments is innate.
Who is this tendency present in?
This tendency is present in both:
1. Infants
2. Caregivers
46
Monotropic theory
A monotropic theory is the idea that infants have an innate tendency to make an initial attachment with one particular attachment figure, usually the mother
47
Why is Bowlby's theory described as monotropic?
Bowlby's theory is described as monotropic, because he:
1. Placed great emphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver
2. Believed that the child's attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others
48
Bowlby's theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child's attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the 'mother,' but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
What did Bowlby put forward to clarify this?
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this:
1. The law of continuity
2. The law of accumulated separation
49
Bowlby's theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child's attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the 'mother,' but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
What does the law of continuity state?
The law of continuity states that the more:
1. Constant
2. Predictable
a child's care, the better the quality of their attachment
50
Bowlby's theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child's attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the 'mother,' but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
What does the law of accumulated separation state?
The law of accumulated separation states that:
1. The effects of every separation from the mother add up
2. The safest dose is therefore a zero dose
51
Bowlby's theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child's attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the 'mother,' but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
What do secondary attachments do?
Secondary attachments provide an important safety net
52
Bowlby's theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child's attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child's attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the 'mother,' but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
Secondary attachments provide an important safety net and what are they important for?
Secondary attachments:
1. Provide an important safety net
2. Are important for psychological and social development
53
Critical period
A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all
54
A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
What did Bowlby do?
Bowlby extended the idea to humans
55
A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing what?
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment
56
A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Bowlby believed that there is a critical period for the formation of attachments, whereby attachment behaviours between infant and carer must occur within a certain time period, if children are to form attachments.
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as useless for most children if what and useless for all children if what?
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as:
1. Useless for most children if delayed until after 12 months
2. Useless for all children if delayed until 2 and a half to 3 years
57
A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Bowlby believed that there is a critical period for the formation of attachments, whereby attachment behaviours between infant and carer must occur within a certain time period, if children are to form attachments.
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as useless for most children if delayed until after 12 months and useless for all children if delayed until after 2 and a half to 3 years.
If this didn't happen, what would happen to the child?
If this didn't happen, the child would be damaged for life
58
A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Bowlby believed that there is a critical period for the formation of attachments, whereby attachment behaviours between infant and carer must occur within a certain time period, if children are to form attachments.
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as useless for most children if delayed until after 12 months and useless for all children if delayed until after 2 and a half to 3 years.
If this didn't happen, the child would be damaged for life, how?
If this didn't happen, the child would be damaged for life:
1. Socially
2. Emotionally
3. Intellectually
59
Internal working model
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand:
1. The world
2. Yourself
3. Others
,that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment
60
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most how?
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively
61
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually who?
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother
62
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
Why is this attachment unique?
This attachment is unique, because:
1. It is the first to develop
2. It is the strongest of all
63
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a what?
This attachment is unique, because:
1. It is the first to develop
2. It is the strongest of all
,forming a model for what relationships are like
64
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will what?
This attachment is unique, because:
1. It is the first to develop
2. It is the strongest of all
,forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others
65
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
What does it therefore have a powerful effect on?
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child's future relationships
66
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child's future relationships.
What will a child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver do?
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will:
1. Tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable
2. Bring these qualities to future relationships
67
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child's future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they do what?
A child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they:
1. Expect such treatment from others
Or,
2. Treat others in that way
68
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child's future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment from others or treat others in that way.
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child's later ability to be what themselves?
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child's later ability to be a parent themselves
69
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child's future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment from others or treat others in that way.
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child's later ability to be a parent themselves.
People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own what?
People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own experiences of being parented
70
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child's future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment from others or treat others in that way.
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child's later ability to be a parent themselves.
People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own experiences of being parented.
What does this explain?
This explains why children from functional families tend to have similar families themselves
71
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
For Bowlby, 'Mother love when is as important for mental health as what for physical health?'
For Bowlby, 'Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as:
1. Vitamins
2. Proteins
for physical health'
72
The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant's primary attachment.
For Bowlby, 'Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health.'
Although Bowlby acknowledged that infants could form attachments to other specific people, he saw these as secondary attachments.
For Bowlby, attachment was a hierarchy, how?
For Bowlby, attachment was a hierarchy, with:
1. The prime attachment at the top
2. Secondary attachments of minor importance below
73
Why did John Bowlby reject the learning theory as an explanation for attachment?
John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, 'Were it true:
1. An infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him
2. This is clearly not the case,' (1988)
74
John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, 'Were it true, an infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case,' (1988).
Instead, what did Bowlby do?
Instead, Bowlby:
1. Looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas
2. Proposed an evolutionary explanation
75
John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, 'Were it true, an infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case,' (1988).
Instead, Bowlby looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas and proposed an evolutionary explanation, that attachment was what?
Instead, Bowlby:
1. Looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas
2. Proposed an evolutionary explanation, that attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage
76
John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, 'Were it true, an infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case,' (1988).
Instead, Bowlby looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas and proposed an evolutionary explanation, that attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage.
Why did imprinting and attachment evolve?
Imprinting and attachment evolved, because:
1. They ensure that young animals stay close to their caregivers
2. This protects them from dangers
77
Why does Harlow's 1959 study support Bowlby's evolutionary theory?
Harlow's 1959 study supports Bowlby's evolutionary theory, because when the monkeys grew up, they:
1. Showed signs of social and emotional disturbance
2. Were bad parents
78
Evaluation:
| Bowlby's theory has produced what and has become the what theory of attachment in psychology?
Bowlby's theory:
1. Has produced substantial amounts of research
2. Has become the dominant theory of attachment in psychology
79
Evaluation:
| There is a lot of evidence to suggest that early attachments do have an influence on what?
There is a lot of evidence to suggest that early attachments do have an influence on adult relationships
80
Evaluation:
There is a lot of evidence to suggest that early attachments do have an influence on adult relationships.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed 'affectionless psychopathy', lacking a social conscience (they were unable to care about or feel affection for others), whereas none of the control group were classed in this way.
86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation, compared to 17% of the thieves who were not affectionless psychopaths.
This supports Bowlby's idea that maternal deprivation can have serious and long-lasting negative effects.
Why does this support Bowlby's evolutionary theory and the critical period in particular?
This supports:
1. Bowlby's evolutionary theory
2. The critical period in particular
,because the critical period clearly does have a huge impact on an infant's future
81
Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby's explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to who?
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings:
1. Imprinted on
2. Attached to
Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother
82
Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby's explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
Why does this support Bowlby's theory?
This supports Bowlby's theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach
83
Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby's explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby's theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, why does this have low generalisability to humans?
This has low generalisability to humans, because:
1. Goslings don't have cognitive minds
2. Humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver
84
Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby's explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby's theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, this has low generalisability to humans, because goslings don't have cognitive minds and humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver.
This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964), who found that attachments occurred mainly with individuals displaying sensitive responsiveness.
Therefore, what?
Therefore Lorenz's results:
1. Do not really help explain human attachment
2. So do not provide supporting evidence for Bowlby's theory
85
Evaluation:
| Who (what year) created a Love Quiz?
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz
86
Evaluation:
| Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed what?
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults' emotional relationships
87
Evaluation:
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults' emotional relationships.
What did the results of the quiz show?
```
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to:
1. Value
Or,
2. Hold down
a serious long-term relationship
```
88
Evaluation:
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults' emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or to hold down a serious long-term relationship.
What does this therefore do?
This therefore provides support for the internal working model
89
Evaluation:
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults' emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or to hold down a serious long-term relationship.
This therefore provides support for the internal working model, why?
This therefore provides support for the internal working model, because it shows that early experiences will mould expectations of future relationships
90
Evaluation:
| Despite criticism, Bowlby's theory has been highly influential and it has had an enormous impact on what?
Despite criticism, Bowlby's theory has:
1. Been highly influential
2. Had an enormous impact on the care of young children
91
Evaluation:
Despite criticism, Bowlby's theory has been highly influential and it has had an enormous impact on the care of young children.
Example
For example, as a result of Bowlby's research on the critical period for attachment, adoptions now take place as early as possible to increase the likelihood for a successful attachment bond to occur between:
1. The child
2. The adoptive parents
92
Evaluation:
Despite criticism, Bowlby's theory has been highly influential and it has had an enormous impact on the care of young children.
For example, as a result of Bowlby's research on the critical period for attachment, adoptions now take place as early as possible to increase the likelihood for a successful attachment bond to occur between the child and the adoptive parents.
This what is thus a major strength of Bowlby's theory?
This real-world application is thus a major strength of Bowlby's theory
93
Evaluation:
| There is what evidence for monotropy?
There is mixed evidence for monotropy
94
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
What did Schaffer and Emerson (1964) find?
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm
95
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does what?
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer
96
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one what?
Although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure
97
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting what?
Although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy
98
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a what idea?
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea
99
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Why is monotropy a controversial idea?
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young
100
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks what that will do what later?
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later
101
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like who (what year) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers?
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers
102
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to do what?
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child's life
103
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child's life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like doing what?
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born
104
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child's life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born.
Why was this not Bowlby's intention?
This was not Bowlby's intention, because he saw himself as boosting the status of mothers by emphasising their importance of their role
105
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child's life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born.
This was not Bowlby's intention, because he saw himself as boosting the status of mothers by emphasising their importance of their role.
However, why is this a limitation of Bowlby's theory?
This is a limitation of Bowlby's theory, because it has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should:
1. Be at home mothering children
2. Not at work with their children in day care
106
Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby's idea of monotropy.
Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child's life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born.
This was not Bowlby's intention, because he saw himself as boosting the status of mothers by emphasising their importance of their role.
However, this is a limitation of Bowlby's theory, because it has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should be at home mothering children and not at work with their children in day care, which can be seen as doing what?
This is a limitation of Bowlby's theory, because it has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should:
1. Be at home mothering children
2. Not at work with their children in day care
,which can be seen as oppressing women
107
Evaluation:
| How is there support for social releasers?
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show:
1. That cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction
2. That doing so is important to the baby
108
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Who (what year) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony?
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed:
1. Mothers
2. Babies
during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony
109
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from what to what?
They then extended the study from:
1. An observation
to
2. An experiment
110
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
What happened?
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies' signals
111
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies' signals.
What was this in Bowlby's terms?
This was in Bowlby's terms to ignore their social releasers
112
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies' signals.
This was in Bowlby's terms to ignore their social releasers.
What did the babies initially do?
The babies initially showed some distress
113
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies' signals.
This was in Bowlby's terms to ignore their social releasers.
The babies initially showed some distress, but, when the attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by doing what?
The babies initially showed some distress, but, when the attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by:
1. Curling up
2. Lying motionless
114
Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies' signals.
This was in Bowlby's terms to ignore their social releasers.
The babies initially showed some distress, but, when the attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by curling up and lying motionless.
What does the fact that the children responded so strongly support?
The fact that the children responded so strongly supports Bowlby's ideas about the significance of infant social behaviour in eliciting caregiving
115
Evaluation:
| What may be as important as attachment?
Temperament may be as important as attachment
116
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's what?
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour
117
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
What is temperament?
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality
118
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality.
Example
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that:
1. Some babies are more anxious than others
2. Some babies are more sociable than others
as a result of their genetic make-up
119
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain what, rather than attachment experiences?
These temperamental differences explain:
1. Later social behaviour
,rather than
2. Attachment experiences
120
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found that infants in their first few days of life display characteristics that match their later attachment types.
For example, less anxious and calmer infants went on to form secure attachments.
What do temperament researchers often accuse Bowlby of doing?
Temperament researchers often accuse Bowlby of over-emphasising:
1. The importance of a child's early experiences
2. The quality of their attachment
121
Evaluation:
| Mothers are not what in the way Bowlby believed?
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed
122
Evaluation:
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed.
Who (what year) is this supported by?
This is supported by Rutter (1981)
123
Evaluation:
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed.
This is supported by Rutter (1981), who found what?
This is supported by Rutter (1981), who found that:
1. Infants display a range of attachment behaviours towards attachment figures other than their mothers
2. There is no particular attachment behaviour used specifically and exclusively towards mothers
124
Evaluation:
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed.
This is supported by Rutter (1981), who found that infants display a range of attachment behaviours towards attachment figures other than their mothers and that there is no particular attachment behaviour used specifically and exclusively towards mothers.
What does this do?
This lessens support for Bowlby's theory
125
Evaluation:
| Who (what year) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings?
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like:
1. Fathers
2. Grandparents
3. Siblings
126
Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found what?
Lamb et al. (1982):
1. Studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings
2. Found that infants had different attachments for different purposes
127
Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than what?
Lamb et al. (1982):
1. Studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings
2. Found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than attachments being a hierarchy
128
Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than attachments being a hierarchy.
Example
For example, infants:
1. Go to fathers for play
,but
2. Go to mothers for comfort
129
Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than attachments being a hierarchy.
For example, infants go to fathers for play, but go to mothers for comfort.
What does this do?
This goes against Bowlby's idea of monotropy
130
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
Who (what year) is this further supported by?
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987)
131
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found what?
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found that infants in their first few days of life display characteristics that match their later attachment types
132
Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby's approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child's developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child's genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found that infants in their first few days of life display characteristics that match their later attachment types.
Example
For example:
1. Less anxious
2. Calmer
infants went on to form secure attachments
133
Evaluation:
| Bowlby sees fathers as minor attachment figures, but research suggests what?
Bowlby sees fathers as minor attachment figures, but research suggests that fathers can be attachment figures in their own right
134
Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby's explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby's theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, this has low generalisability to humans, because goslings don't have cognitive minds and humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver.
Who (what year) is this supported by?
This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
135
Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby's explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby's theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, this has low generalisability to humans, because goslings don't have cognitive minds and humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver.
This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964), who found that attachments occurred mainly with who?
This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964), who found that attachments occurred mainly with individuals displaying sensitive responsiveness
136
Bowlby believed that infants possess a what tendency to form an attachment bond with one specific person and that this attachment is superior to all other bonds formed?
Bowlby believed that:
1. Infants possess an inborn tendency to form an attachment bond with one specific person
2. This attachment is superior to all other bonds formed
