3.3: Bowlby's monotropic theory (1951, 1969, 1973)

Question 1

What did John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) have a lifetime interest in?

Answer 1

John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) had a lifetime interest in children’s development

Question 2

John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) had a lifetime interest in children’s development, stemming from what?

Answer 2

John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) had a lifetime interest in children’s development, stemming from:

1. His early work with delinquent children
2. The growth of his own 4 children

Question 3

Monotropic theory

Answer 3

Monotropic theory is the idea that infants have an inbuilt tendency to make an initial attachment with one attachment figure, usually the mother

Question 4

What was Bowlby heavily influenced by?

Answer 4

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies

Question 5

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including what?

Answer 5

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including:

1. Harlow’s research with monkeys
2. Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings

Question 6

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to do what?

Answer 6

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including:
1. Harlow’s research with monkeys
2. Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings
,which led him to reject the learning theory

Question 7

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest what?

Answer 7

Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions

Question 8

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
When did he see attachment bonds as developing?

Answer 8

Bowlby saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era

Question 9

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, what did humans face?

Answer 9

In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators

Question 10

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via what?

Answer 10

In the stone-age era:

1. Humans faced the constant danger of predators
2. So attachments evolved via the process of natural selection

Question 11

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure what?

Answer 11

In the stone-age era:

1. Humans faced the constant danger of predators
2. So attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers

Question 12

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers.
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to do what?

Answer 12

Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances

Question 13

Learning theory is what and Bowlby’s evolutionary theory is what?

Answer 13

Learning theory is nurture and Bowlby’s evolutionary theory is nature

Question 14

What is caregiving also?

Answer 14

Caregiving is also an evolutionary behaviour

Question 15

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers.
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances.
What are infants born with?

Answer 15

Infants are born with social releasers

Question 16

Bowlby was heavily influenced by animal studies, including Harlow’s research with monkeys and Lorenz’s study of imprinting in goslings, which led him to reject the learning theory.
Bowlby applied the findings of these animal studies to humans to suggest that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions.
He saw attachment bonds as developing during the stone-age era.
In the stone-age era, humans faced the constant danger of predators and so attachments evolved via the process of natural selection to ensure that offspring stayed close to their caregivers.
Thus, through evolution, infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances.
Infants are born with social releasers.
What are social releasers?

Answer 16

Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that:

1. Elicit caregiving
2. Explain how attachments are formed

Question 17

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both what?

Answer 17

Social releasers are both:

1. Behavioural
2. Physical

Question 18

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
What do behavioural social releasers include?

Answer 18

Behavioural social releasers include:

1. Crying
2. Looking, smiling and vocalising
3. Following and clinging

Question 19

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to do what, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, and following and clinging?

Answer 19

Behavioural social releasers include:

1. Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
2. Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing
3. Following and clinging

Question 20

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to do what, and following and clinging?

Answer 20

Behavioural social releasers include:

1. Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
2. Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest
3. Following and clinging

Question 21

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest, and following and clinging, to do what?

Answer 21

Behavioural social releasers include:

1. Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
2. Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest
3. Following and clinging, to gain and maintain proximity (physical closeness) to their parents

Question 22

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest, and following and clinging, to gain and maintain proximity (physical closeness) to their parents).
What do physical social releasers include?

Answer 22

Physical social releasers include:

1. The typical ‘baby face’ features
2. How babies’ body proportions are much smaller

Question 23

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
When do infants display these attachment behaviours from?

Answer 23

Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage

Question 24

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
How do they occur to begin with?

Answer 24

They occur in an automatic way to begin with

Question 25

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by who?

Answer 25

They:

1. Occur in an automatic way to begin with
2. Are triggered at first by many people

Question 26

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, who do these behaviours become focused on?

Answer 26

During the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals

Question 27

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved a what system between infants and their carers?

Answer 27

Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved a complementary system between:

1. Infants
2. Their carers

Question 28

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants’ signals how?

Answer 28

Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants’ signals in a meaningful way

Question 29

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants’ signals in a meaningful way.
Although Bowlby saw this as generally occurring between infants and their biological mothers, what did he admit?

Answer 29

Although Bowlby saw this as generally occurring between infants and their biological mothers, he admitted that this could, occasionally, occur with:
1. Their fathers
Or,
2. Even a non-biological figure

Question 30

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Infants display these attachment behaviours from a very early stage.
They occur in an automatic way to begin with and are triggered at first by many people.
However, during the first year, these behaviours become focused on a few individuals.
Attachments, however, only form if carers respond to infant attachment behaviours in a meaningful way.
Bowlby believed that the evolution of attachment behaviours involved complementary system between infants and their carers, whereby carers would respond to infants’ signals in a meaningful way.
Although Bowlby saw this as generally occurring between infants and their biological mothers, he admitted that this could, occasionally, occur with their fathers or even a non-biological figure.
What does this explain?

Answer 30

This explains how close attachments to adopted parents can occur

Question 31

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to do what?

Answer 31

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother

Question 32

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is what?

Answer 32

When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet’

Question 33

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet.’
What does this mean?

Answer 33

This means that infants:

1. Have no need to cry or cling
2. So they can get on with playing and exploring

Question 34

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet.’
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which does what?

Answer 34

This means that infants:
1. Have no need to cry or cling
2. So they can get on with playing and exploring
,which helps mental and social development

Question 35

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet.’
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother does what or a stranger does what, what happens?

Answer 35

When the state is threatened, such as when:
1. The mother disappears from view
Or,
2. A stranger approaches
,attachment behaviours are activated to restore it

Question 36

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet.’
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother disappears from view or a stranger approaches, attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
Generally, when are attachment behaviours seen?

Answer 36

Generally, attachment behaviours are seen when children are:
1. Upset
2. Ill
3. Scared
Or,
4. In strange surroundings

Question 37

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet.’
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother disappears from view or a stranger approaches, attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
Generally, attachment behaviours are seen when children are upset, ill, scared or in strange surroundings.
The particular responses that are produced change as children do what?

Answer 37

The particular responses that are produced change as children:

1. Grow
2. Become more competent

Question 38

Overall Bowlby saw attachment functioning as a control system to maintain proximity to the mother.
When this state occurs, attachment behaviour is ‘quiet.’
This means that infants have no need to cry or cling and so they can get on with playing and exploring, which helps mental and social development.
When the state is threatened, such as when the mother disappears from view or a stranger approaches, attachment behaviours are activated to restore it
Generally, attachment behaviours are seen when children are upset, ill, scared or in strange surroundings.
The particular responses that are produced change as children grow and become more competent, how?

Answer 38

The particular responses that are produced change as children grow and become more competent:

1. Cognitively
2. Behaviourally

Question 39

According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its what?

Answer 39

According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value

Question 40

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releasers include crying, to attract their parents’ attention, looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing, to maintain parental attention and interest, and following and clinging, to gain and maintain proximity (physical closeness) to their parents).
Physical social releasers include the typical ‘baby face’ features, what, and how babies’ body proportions are much smaller?

Answer 40

Physical social releasers include the typical ‘baby face’ features:
1. Big eyes
2. Tiny noses
3. Small, pointy chins
4. High foreheads
,and how babies’ body proportions are much smaller

Question 41

Infants are born with social releasers.
Social releasers are certain innate characteristics that elicit caregiving and explain how attachments are formed.
Social releasers are both behavioural and physical.
Behavioural social releases include crying, looking, smiling and vocalising, like what, and following and clinging?

Answer 41

Behavioural social releasers include:

1. Crying, to attract their parents’ attention
2. Looking, smiling and vocalising, like cooing
3. Following and clinging

Question 42

According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value.
Why are attachments an adaptive advantage?

Answer 42

Attachments are an adaptive advantage, because they enable us to effectively adapt to our environment

Question 43

According to Bowlby, attachment is a behaviour that has evolved because of its survival value.
Attachments are an adaptive advantage, because they enable us to effectively adapt to our environment.
Example

Answer 43

For example:
1. Learning to walk
2. Being fed
means that we are ore likely to survive

Question 44

The evolutionary theory says that the tendency to form attachments is what?

Answer 44

The evolutionary theory says that the tendency to form attachments is innate

Question 45

The evolutionary theory says that the tendency to form attachments is innate.
Who is this tendency present in?

Answer 45

This tendency is present in both:

1. Infants
2. Caregivers

Question 46

Monotropic theory

Answer 46

A monotropic theory is the idea that infants have an innate tendency to make an initial attachment with one particular attachment figure, usually the mother

Question 47

Why is Bowlby’s theory described as monotropic?

Answer 47

Bowlby’s theory is described as monotropic, because he:

1. Placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver
2. Believed that the child’s attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others

Question 48

Bowlby’s theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child’s attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the ‘mother,’ but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
What did Bowlby put forward to clarify this?

Answer 48

Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this:

1. The law of continuity
2. The law of accumulated separation

Question 49

Bowlby’s theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child’s attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the ‘mother,’ but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
What does the law of continuity state?

Answer 49

The law of continuity states that the more:
1. Constant
2. Predictable
a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment

Question 50

Bowlby’s theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child’s attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the ‘mother,’ but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
What does the law of accumulated separation state?

Answer 50

The law of accumulated separation states that:

1. The effects of every separation from the mother add up
2. The safest dose is therefore a zero dose

Question 51

Bowlby’s theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child’s attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the ‘mother,’ but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
What do secondary attachments do?

Answer 51

Secondary attachments provide an important safety net

Question 52

Bowlby’s theory is described as monotropic, because he placed great emphasis on a child’s attachment to one particular caregiver and believed that the child’s attachment to this one caregiver is different and more important than others.
Bowlby called this person the ‘mother,’ but was clear that it need not be the biological mother.
Bowlby believed that the more time a baby spent with the primary attachment figure, the better.
Bowlby put forward 2 principles to clarify this, the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation.
Secondary attachments provide an important safety net and what are they important for?

Answer 52

Secondary attachments:

1. Provide an important safety net
2. Are important for psychological and social development

Question 53

Critical period

Answer 53

A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all

Question 54

A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
What did Bowlby do?

Answer 54

Bowlby extended the idea to humans

Question 55

A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing what?

Answer 55

Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment

Question 56

A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Bowlby believed that there is a critical period for the formation of attachments, whereby attachment behaviours between infant and carer must occur within a certain time period, if children are to form attachments.
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as useless for most children if what and useless for all children if what?

Answer 56

Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as:

1. Useless for most children if delayed until after 12 months
2. Useless for all children if delayed until 2 and a half to 3 years

Question 57

A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Bowlby believed that there is a critical period for the formation of attachments, whereby attachment behaviours between infant and carer must occur within a certain time period, if children are to form attachments.
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as useless for most children if delayed until after 12 months and useless for all children if delayed until after 2 and a half to 3 years.
If this didn’t happen, what would happen to the child?

Answer 57

If this didn’t happen, the child would be damaged for life

Question 58

A critical period is a specific time period within which an attachment must form, if it is to form at all.
Lorenz and Harlow noted that attachment in birds and monkeys had critical periods.
Bowlby extended the idea to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Bowlby believed that there is a critical period for the formation of attachments, whereby attachment behaviours between infant and carer must occur within a certain time period, if children are to form attachments.
Bowlby saw attachment behaviours as useless for most children if delayed until after 12 months and useless for all children if delayed until after 2 and a half to 3 years.
If this didn’t happen, the child would be damaged for life, how?

Answer 58

If this didn’t happen, the child would be damaged for life:

1. Socially
2. Emotionally
3. Intellectually

Question 59

Internal working model

Answer 59

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand:
1. The world
2. Yourself
3. Others
,that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment

Question 60

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most how?

Answer 60

Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively

Question 61

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually who?

Answer 61

Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother

Question 62

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
Why is this attachment unique?

Answer 62

This attachment is unique, because:

1. It is the first to develop
2. It is the strongest of all

Question 63

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a what?

Answer 63

This attachment is unique, because:
1. It is the first to develop
2. It is the strongest of all
,forming a model for what relationships are like

Question 64

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will what?

Answer 64

This attachment is unique, because:
1. It is the first to develop
2. It is the strongest of all
,forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others

Question 65

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
What does it therefore have a powerful effect on?

Answer 65

It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child’s future relationships

Question 66

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child’s future relationships.
What will a child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver do?

Answer 66

A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will:

1. Tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable
2. Bring these qualities to future relationships

Question 67

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child’s future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they do what?

Answer 67

A child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they:
1. Expect such treatment from others
Or,
2. Treat others in that way

Question 68

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child’s future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment from others or treat others in that way.
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child’s later ability to be what themselves?

Answer 68

Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child’s later ability to be a parent themselves

Question 69

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child’s future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment from others or treat others in that way.
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child’s later ability to be a parent themselves.
People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own what?

Answer 69

People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own experiences of being parented

Question 70

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
Bowlby sees attachments as monotropic, whereby infants have an innate tendency to become attached to the one particular adult who interacts with them the most sensitively, usually the biological mother.
This attachment is unique, because it is the first to develop and it is the strongest of all, forming a model for what relationships are like, which the infant will expect from others.
It therefore has a powerful effect on the nature of the child’s future relationships.
A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and bring these qualities to future relationships.
However, a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment from others or treat others in that way.
Most importantly, the internal working model affects the child’s later ability to be a parent themselves.
People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own experiences of being parented.
What does this explain?

Answer 70

This explains why children from functional families tend to have similar families themselves

Question 71

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
For Bowlby, ‘Mother love when is as important for mental health as what for physical health?’

Answer 71

For Bowlby, ‘Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as:
1. Vitamins
2. Proteins
for physical health’

Question 72

The internal working model is a cognitive framework used to understand the world, yourself and others, that acts as a template for future relationships based on an infant’s primary attachment.
For Bowlby, ‘Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health.’
Although Bowlby acknowledged that infants could form attachments to other specific people, he saw these as secondary attachments.
For Bowlby, attachment was a hierarchy, how?

Answer 72

For Bowlby, attachment was a hierarchy, with:

1. The prime attachment at the top
2. Secondary attachments of minor importance below

Question 73

Why did John Bowlby reject the learning theory as an explanation for attachment?

Answer 73

John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, ‘Were it true:

1. An infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him
2. This is clearly not the case,’ (1988)

Question 74

John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, ‘Were it true, an infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case,’ (1988).
Instead, what did Bowlby do?

Answer 74

Instead, Bowlby:

1. Looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas
2. Proposed an evolutionary explanation

Question 75

John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, ‘Were it true, an infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case,’ (1988).
Instead, Bowlby looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas and proposed an evolutionary explanation, that attachment was what?

Answer 75

Instead, Bowlby:

1. Looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas
2. Proposed an evolutionary explanation, that attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage

Question 76

John Bowlby rejected the learning theory as an explanation for attachment, because, as he said, ‘Were it true, an infant of a year or 2 should take readily to whomever feeds him and this is clearly not the case,’ (1988).
Instead, Bowlby looked at the work of Lorenz and Harlow for ideas and proposed an evolutionary explanation, that attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage.
Why did imprinting and attachment evolve?

Answer 76

Imprinting and attachment evolved, because:

1. They ensure that young animals stay close to their caregivers
2. This protects them from dangers

Question 77

Why does Harlow’s 1959 study support Bowlby’s evolutionary theory?

Answer 77

Harlow’s 1959 study supports Bowlby’s evolutionary theory, because when the monkeys grew up, they:

1. Showed signs of social and emotional disturbance
2. Were bad parents

Question 78

Evaluation:

Bowlby’s theory has produced what and has become the what theory of attachment in psychology?

Answer 78

Bowlby’s theory:

1. Has produced substantial amounts of research
2. Has become the dominant theory of attachment in psychology

Question 79

Evaluation:

There is a lot of evidence to suggest that early attachments do have an influence on what?

Answer 79

There is a lot of evidence to suggest that early attachments do have an influence on adult relationships

Question 80

Evaluation:
There is a lot of evidence to suggest that early attachments do have an influence on adult relationships.
For example, Bowlby (1944) compared 44 juvenile thieves with a control group of non-criminal, but emotionally disturbed young people.
32% of the thieves showed ‘affectionless psychopathy’, lacking a social conscience (they were unable to care about or feel affection for others), whereas none of the control group were classed in this way.
86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged early maternal separation, compared to 17% of the thieves who were not affectionless psychopaths.
This supports Bowlby’s idea that maternal deprivation can have serious and long-lasting negative effects.
Why does this support Bowlby’s evolutionary theory and the critical period in particular?

Answer 80

This supports:
1. Bowlby’s evolutionary theory
2. The critical period in particular
,because the critical period clearly does have a huge impact on an infant’s future

Question 81

Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby’s explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to who?

Answer 81

Lorenz (1935) found that goslings:
1. Imprinted on
2. Attached to
Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother

Question 82

Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby’s explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
Why does this support Bowlby’s theory?

Answer 82

This supports Bowlby’s theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach

Question 83

Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby’s explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby’s theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, why does this have low generalisability to humans?

Answer 83

This has low generalisability to humans, because:

1. Goslings don’t have cognitive minds
2. Humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver

Question 84

Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby’s explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby’s theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, this has low generalisability to humans, because goslings don’t have cognitive minds and humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver.
This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964), who found that attachments occurred mainly with individuals displaying sensitive responsiveness.
Therefore, what?

Answer 84

Therefore Lorenz’s results:

1. Do not really help explain human attachment
2. So do not provide supporting evidence for Bowlby’s theory

Question 85

Evaluation:

Who (what year) created a Love Quiz?

Answer 85

Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz

Question 86

Evaluation:

Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed what?

Answer 86

Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships

Question 87

Evaluation:
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
What did the results of the quiz show?

Answer 87

The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to:
1. Value
Or,
2. Hold down
a serious long-term relationship

Question 88

Evaluation:
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or to hold down a serious long-term relationship.
What does this therefore do?

Answer 88

This therefore provides support for the internal working model

Question 89

Evaluation:
Hazan and Shaver (1987) created a Love Quiz, which assessed attitudes about adults’ emotional relationships.
The results of the quiz showed that individuals who experienced poor quality attachment during infancy were less likely to value or to hold down a serious long-term relationship.
This therefore provides support for the internal working model, why?

Answer 89

This therefore provides support for the internal working model, because it shows that early experiences will mould expectations of future relationships

Question 90

Evaluation:

Despite criticism, Bowlby’s theory has been highly influential and it has had an enormous impact on what?

Answer 90

Despite criticism, Bowlby’s theory has:

1. Been highly influential
2. Had an enormous impact on the care of young children

Question 91

Evaluation:
Despite criticism, Bowlby’s theory has been highly influential and it has had an enormous impact on the care of young children.
Example

Answer 91

For example, as a result of Bowlby’s research on the critical period for attachment, adoptions now take place as early as possible to increase the likelihood for a successful attachment bond to occur between:

1. The child
2. The adoptive parents

Question 92

Evaluation:
Despite criticism, Bowlby’s theory has been highly influential and it has had an enormous impact on the care of young children.
For example, as a result of Bowlby’s research on the critical period for attachment, adoptions now take place as early as possible to increase the likelihood for a successful attachment bond to occur between the child and the adoptive parents.
This what is thus a major strength of Bowlby’s theory?

Answer 92

This real-world application is thus a major strength of Bowlby’s theory

Question 93

Evaluation:

There is what evidence for monotropy?

Answer 93

There is mixed evidence for monotropy

Question 94

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
What did Schaffer and Emerson (1964) find?

Answer 94

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm

Question 95

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does what?

Answer 95

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer

Question 96

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one what?

Answer 96

Although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure

Question 97

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting what?

Answer 97

Although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy

Question 98

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a what idea?

Answer 98

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea

Question 99

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Why is monotropy a controversial idea?

Answer 99

Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young

Question 100

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks what that will do what later?

Answer 100

The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later

Question 101

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like who (what year) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers?

Answer 101

Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers

Question 102

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to do what?

Answer 102

Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child’s life

Question 103

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child’s life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like doing what?

Answer 103

It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born

Question 104

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child’s life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born.
Why was this not Bowlby’s intention?

Answer 104

This was not Bowlby’s intention, because he saw himself as boosting the status of mothers by emphasising their importance of their role

Question 105

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child’s life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born.
This was not Bowlby’s intention, because he saw himself as boosting the status of mothers by emphasising their importance of their role.
However, why is this a limitation of Bowlby’s theory?

Answer 105

This is a limitation of Bowlby’s theory, because it has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should:

1. Be at home mothering children
2. Not at work with their children in day care

Question 106

Evaluation:
There is mixed evidence for monotropy.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that multiple attachments are the norm, which goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy, as does the fact that 39% of children had their main attachment to someone other than the main carer.
However, although Shaffer and Emerson found that children tended to have multiple attachments, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure, supporting Bowlby’s idea of monotropy.

Monotropy is also a socially sensitive idea.
Monotropy is a controversial idea, because it has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young.
The law of accumulated separation states that having substantial time apart from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways later.
Feminists like Erica Burman (1994) have pointed out that this places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, setting them up to take the blame for anything that goes wrong in the rest of the child’s life.
It also pushes mothers into particular lifestyle choices like not returning to work when a child is born.
This was not Bowlby’s intention, because he saw himself as boosting the status of mothers by emphasising their importance of their role.
However, this is a limitation of Bowlby’s theory, because it has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should be at home mothering children and not at work with their children in day care, which can be seen as doing what?

Answer 106

This is a limitation of Bowlby’s theory, because it has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should:
1. Be at home mothering children
2. Not at work with their children in day care
,which can be seen as oppressing women

Question 107

Evaluation:

How is there support for social releasers?

Answer 107

This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show:

1. That cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction
2. That doing so is important to the baby

Question 108

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Who (what year) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony?

Answer 108

Brazelton et al. (1975) observed:
1. Mothers
2. Babies
during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony

Question 109

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from what to what?

Answer 109

They then extended the study from:
1. An observation
to
2. An experiment

Question 110

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
What happened?

Answer 110

Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies’ signals

Question 111

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies’ signals.
What was this in Bowlby’s terms?

Answer 111

This was in Bowlby’s terms to ignore their social releasers

Question 112

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies’ signals.
This was in Bowlby’s terms to ignore their social releasers.
What did the babies initially do?

Answer 112

The babies initially showed some distress

Question 113

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies’ signals.
This was in Bowlby’s terms to ignore their social releasers.
The babies initially showed some distress, but, when the attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by doing what?

Answer 113

The babies initially showed some distress, but, when the attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by:

1. Curling up
2. Lying motionless

Question 114

Evaluation:
This is support for social releasers, because there is clear evidence to show that cute infant behaviours are intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby.
Brazelton et al. (1975) observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony.
They then extended the study from an observation to an experiment.
Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies’ signals.
This was in Bowlby’s terms to ignore their social releasers.
The babies initially showed some distress, but, when the attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by curling up and lying motionless.
What does the fact that the children responded so strongly support?

Answer 114

The fact that the children responded so strongly supports Bowlby’s ideas about the significance of infant social behaviour in eliciting caregiving

Question 115

Evaluation:

What may be as important as attachment?

Answer 115

Temperament may be as important as attachment

Question 116

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s what?

Answer 116

Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour

Question 117

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
What is temperament?

Answer 117

Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality

Question 118

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality.
Example

Answer 118

For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that:
1. Some babies are more anxious than others
2. Some babies are more sociable than others
as a result of their genetic make-up

Question 119

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain what, rather than attachment experiences?

Answer 119

These temperamental differences explain:
1. Later social behaviour
,rather than
2. Attachment experiences

Question 120

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found that infants in their first few days of life display characteristics that match their later attachment types.
For example, less anxious and calmer infants went on to form secure attachments.
What do temperament researchers often accuse Bowlby of doing?

Answer 120

Temperament researchers often accuse Bowlby of over-emphasising:

1. The importance of a child’s early experiences
2. The quality of their attachment

Question 121

Evaluation:

Mothers are not what in the way Bowlby believed?

Answer 121

Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed

Question 122

Evaluation:
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed.
Who (what year) is this supported by?

Answer 122

This is supported by Rutter (1981)

Question 123

Evaluation:
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed.
This is supported by Rutter (1981), who found what?

Answer 123

This is supported by Rutter (1981), who found that:

1. Infants display a range of attachment behaviours towards attachment figures other than their mothers
2. There is no particular attachment behaviour used specifically and exclusively towards mothers

Question 124

Evaluation:
Mothers are not special in the way Bowlby believed.
This is supported by Rutter (1981), who found that infants display a range of attachment behaviours towards attachment figures other than their mothers and that there is no particular attachment behaviour used specifically and exclusively towards mothers.
What does this do?

Answer 124

This lessens support for Bowlby’s theory

Question 125

Evaluation:

Who (what year) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings?

Answer 125

Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like:

1. Fathers
2. Grandparents
3. Siblings

Question 126

Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found what?

Answer 126

Lamb et al. (1982):

1. Studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings
2. Found that infants had different attachments for different purposes

Question 127

Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than what?

Answer 127

Lamb et al. (1982):

1. Studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings
2. Found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than attachments being a hierarchy

Question 128

Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than attachments being a hierarchy.
Example

Answer 128

For example, infants:
1. Go to fathers for play
,but
2. Go to mothers for comfort

Question 129

Evaluation:
Lamb et al. (1982) studied the attachments infants had with people like fathers, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes, rather than attachments being a hierarchy.
For example, infants go to fathers for play, but go to mothers for comfort.
What does this do?

Answer 129

This goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy

Question 130

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
Who (what year) is this further supported by?

Answer 130

This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987)

Question 131

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found what?

Answer 131

This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found that infants in their first few days of life display characteristics that match their later attachment types

Question 132

Evaluation:
Temperament may be as important as attachment.
Bowlby’s approach emphasises the role of attachment in the child’s developing social behaviour.
However, a different tradition of child development emphasised the role of temperament in the development of social behaviour.
Temperament is the child’s genetically influenced personality.
For example, temperament researchers, like Kagan (1984), suggest that some babies are more anxious than others and that some babies are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make-up.
These temperamental differences explain later social behaviour, rather than attachment experiences.
This is further supported by Belsky and Rovine (1987), who found that infants in their first few days of life display characteristics that match their later attachment types.
Example

Answer 132

For example:
1. Less anxious
2. Calmer
infants went on to form secure attachments

Question 133

Evaluation:

Bowlby sees fathers as minor attachment figures, but research suggests what?

Answer 133

Bowlby sees fathers as minor attachment figures, but research suggests that fathers can be attachment figures in their own right

Question 134

Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby’s explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby’s theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, this has low generalisability to humans, because goslings don’t have cognitive minds and humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver.
Who (what year) is this supported by?

Answer 134

This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Question 135

Evaluation:
One strength of Bowlby’s explanation is that there is supporting evidence.
Lorenz (1935) found that goslings imprinted on and attached to Lorenz when they were born in an incubator, as opposed to their biological mother.
This supports Bowlby’s theory, because goslings were born with an innate behaviour to attach.
However, this has low generalisability to humans, because goslings don’t have cognitive minds and humans attach after months, not on the first sight of a caregiver.
This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964), who found that attachments occurred mainly with who?

Answer 135

This is supported by Schaffer and Emerson (1964), who found that attachments occurred mainly with individuals displaying sensitive responsiveness

Question 136

Bowlby believed that infants possess a what tendency to form an attachment bond with one specific person and that this attachment is superior to all other bonds formed?

Answer 136

Bowlby believed that:

1. Infants possess an inborn tendency to form an attachment bond with one specific person
2. This attachment is superior to all other bonds formed