2.3: Episodic LTM Flashcards
As we have seen, a major limitation of the multi-store model is its description of long-term memory (LTM) as a single, unitary store.
On the basis of hundreds of research studies, psychologists now know that there are potentially many different long-term stores.
The working memory model shows that the MSM is what as an explanation of memory?
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory
As we have seen, a major limitation of the multi-store model is its description of long-term memory (LTM) as a single, unitary store.
On the basis of hundreds of research studies, psychologists now know that there are potentially many different long-term stores.
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with what?
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate what and associated with different what?
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each:
- With a separate function
- Associated with different brain areas
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into what?
The main sub-division of LTM is into:
1. Explicit (declarative)
2. Implicit (non-declarative)
types
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones what?
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don’t require what to be recalled?
- Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about
,while - Implicit LTMs don’t require conscious thought to be recalled
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.
Explicit memories are also often formed from what?
Explicit memories are also often formed from several combined memories
Who (what year) was one of the cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too what?
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too:
- Simplistic
- Inflexible
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible. Tulving proposed that there are in fact what?
Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores -
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
- Procedural memory
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible. Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory, containing what?
Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores -
1. Episodic memory
2. Semantic memory
3. Procedural memory
,containing quite different types of information
Episodic memory (EM)
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events)
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals a what record of what?
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
Examples
For example:
- The row you had with your friend last week
- Your first day at school
- Your friend’s wedding
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by what?
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example what events are often well recalled?
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their what?
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content.
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by what?
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding
Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content.
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding, with what events recalled more easily?
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding, with highly processed episodic events recalled more easily
It is thought that episodic memory helps individuals to do what?
It is thought that episodic memory helps individuals to distinguish the difference between:
- Real events
- Imagination/delusions
The what brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories?
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with what associated with the neocortex?
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with:
1. Consolidation (strengthening)
2. Storage
of the memories associated with the neocortex
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different what areas of the brain?
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different: 1. Visual 2. Auditory 3. Olfactory ,ect, areas of the brain
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory and olfactory, ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together where?
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory and olfactory, ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create what?
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create a memory of an episode
The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory, ect areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create a memory of an episode, rather than remaining a what?
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory, ect areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to:
1. Create a memory of an episode
,rather than
2. Remaining a collection of separate memories
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual's life (personal events). Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall what (what) from our lives?
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
This has been likened to a diary, a record of what?
This has been likened to a diary, a record of daily happenings
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
Your memory of a single episode will include what?
Your memory of a single episode will include several elements
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as what?
Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as:
- People
- Places
- Objects
- Behaviours
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as people, places, objects and behaviours, and all of them are what to produce a what?
Your memory of a single episode:
- Will include several elements, such as people, places, objects and behaviours
- All of them are interwoven to produce a single memory
You do have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories.
You may be able to do so how?
You may be able to do so quickly
You do have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories.
You may be able to do so quickly, but you are still what, for example?
You may be able to do so quickly, but you are still aware that you are searching for your memory of what happened when you went to the dentist, for example
Who (what year) assessed what in 1,000 Swedish participants?
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding what?
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in what?
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability
Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by what?
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability