2.3: Episodic LTM Flashcards by Young Dave

As we have seen, a major limitation of the multi-store model is its description of long-term memory (LTM) as a single, unitary store.
On the basis of hundreds of research studies, psychologists now know that there are potentially many different long-term stores.
The working memory model shows that the MSM is what as an explanation of memory?

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each:

With a separate function
Associated with different brain areas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The main sub-division of LTM is into:
1. Explicit (declarative)
2. Implicit (non-declarative)
types

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones what?

Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about
,while
Implicit LTMs don’t require conscious thought to be recalled

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explicit memories are also often formed from several combined memories

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who (what year) was one of the cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too what?

Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too:

Simplistic
Inflexible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible.
Tulving proposed that there are in fact what?

Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores -

Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible.
Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory, containing what?

Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores -
1. Episodic memory
2. Semantic memory
3. Procedural memory
,containing quite different types of information

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Episodic memory (EM)

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals a what record of what?

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
Examples

For example:

The row you had with your friend last week
Your first day at school
Your friend’s wedding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by what?

The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content.
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by what?

The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding, with highly processed episodic events recalled more easily

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is thought that episodic memory helps individuals to do what?

It is thought that episodic memory helps individuals to distinguish the difference between:

Real events
Imagination/delusions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The what brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories?

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with what associated with the neocortex?

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with:
1. Consolidation (strengthening)
2. Storage
of the memories associated with the neocortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory and olfactory, ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together where?

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create a memory of an episode

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex. Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory, ect areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create a memory of an episode, rather than remaining a what?

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory, ect areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to: 1. Create a memory of an episode ,rather than 2. Remaining a collection of separate memories

``` Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual's life (personal events). Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall what (what) from our lives? ```

Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives

This has been likened to a diary, a record of daily happenings

Your memory of a single episode will include several elements

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual's life (personal events). Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives. Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as what?

Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as: 1. People 2. Places 3. Objects 4. Behaviours

Your memory of a single episode: 1. Will include several elements, such as people, places, objects and behaviours 2. All of them are interwoven to produce a single memory

You do have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories. You may be able to do so how?

You may be able to do so quickly

You do have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories. You may be able to do so quickly, but you are still what, for example?

You may be able to do so quickly, but you are still aware that you are searching for your memory of what happened when you went to the dentist, for example

Who (what year) assessed what in 1,000 Swedish participants?

Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants

Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding what?

Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM

Herlitz et al. (1997) assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability. What does this suggest?

This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability

This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability

Evaluation: | The extent to which what memory systems are different is what?

The extent to which: 1. Episodic 2. Semantic memory systems are different is unclear

Evaluation: | The extent to which episodic and semantic memory systems are different is unclear, as although what, there is also what?

The extent to which episodic and semantic memory systems are different is unclear, as although different brain areas are involved, there is also a lot of overlap between the 2 systems

Evaluation: The extent to which episodic and semantic memory systems are different is unclear, as although different brain areas are involved, there is also a lot of overlap between the 2 systems, with semantic memories often what?

The extent to which episodic and semantic memory systems are different is unclear, as although different brain areas are involved, there is also a lot of overlap between the 2 systems, with semantic memories often clearly originating in episodic memory

``` The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types. Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don't require conscious thought to be recalled. Explicit memories are also often formed from several combined memories. The 3 types of LTM are episodic, semantic and procedural LTM. What type(s) of LTM is/are explicit? ```

1. Episodic 2. Semantic LTMs are explicit

Procedural LTM is implicit

Evaluation: | It may be that episodic memory differs from that of semantic memory in terms of what?

It may be that episodic memory differs from that of semantic memory in terms of different: 1. Types of thinking 2. Emotion

Evaluation: It may be that episodic memory differs from that of semantic memory in terms of different types of thinking and emotion, since episodic memories are associated with what?

It may be that episodic memory differs from that of semantic memory in terms of different types of thinking and emotion, since episodic memories are associated with: 1. Conscious awareness of events 2. Emotional feelings related to them

Evaluation: It may be that episodic memory differs from that of semantic memory in terms of different types of thinking and emotion, since episodic memories are associated with conscious awareness of events and emotional feelings related to them, while semantic memories are associated with what?

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from what?

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging what?

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging: 1. The hippocampus 2. Associated areas

Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician

``` Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas. Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still do what, but he can't remember what? ```

Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he: 1. Can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir ,but 2. Can't remember his musical education

For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas. Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir, but he can't remember his musical education. He can remember some other aspects of his life, but not others. For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names. Clive recognises who?

Clive recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah

Clive: 1. Recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah 2. Greets her joyously every time they meet

Clive: 1. Recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah 2. Greets her joyously every time they meet ,believing that he has not seen her in years

Clive: 1. Recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah 2. Greets her joyously every time they meet ,believing that he has not seen her in years, even though she may have just left the room for a few minutes

Evaluation: With the famous case studies of HM (Henry Molaison) and Clive Wearing, what in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia?

With the famous case studies of: 1. HM (Henry Molaison) 2. Clive Wearing ,episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia

They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts

They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected

For example, they still understood the meaning of words

Their procedural memories were also intact

They both knew how to: 1. Tie their shoelaces 2. Walk 3. Speak

Evaluation: With the famous case studies of HM (Henry Molaison) and Clive Wearing, episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia. They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected. For example, they still understood the meaning of words. So HM would not be able to recall stroking a dog half an hour earlier and could not remember having owned a dog in the past, but he would not need to have the concept of 'dog' explained to him over and over again. Their procedural memories were also intact. They both knew how to tie their shoelaces, walk and speak and, in Clive Wearing's case, how to do what?

They both knew how to tie their shoelaces, walk and speak and, in Clive Wearing's case, how to: 1. Read music 2. Sing 3. Play the piano

This evidence supports Tulving's view that there are different memory stores in LTM

1. One store can be damaged ,but 2. Other stores are unaffected

This is clear evidence that: 1. Not only are these types of memory different ,but 2. They are stored in different parts of the brain

Evaluation: | There is also evidence from what that different types of memory are what?

There is also evidence from brain scan studies that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain

Evaluation: There is also evidence from brain scan studies that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain. Example

For example, Tulving et al. (1994) got their participants to perform various memory tasks, while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner

They found that: 1. Episodic 2. Semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex is divided in 2

The prefrontal cortex is divided in 2, one on each side (or hemisphere) of the brain

The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories

The right prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling episodic memories

Evaluation: There is also evidence from brain scan studies that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain. For example, Tulving et al. (1994) got their participants to perform various memory tasks, while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner. They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is divided in 2, one on each side (or hemisphere) of the brain. The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories and the right prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling episodic memories. The strength of this finding is that it supports what?

The strength of this finding is that it supports the view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM

The strength of this finding is that it supports the view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM, within the brain

It has also been confirmed many times in later research studies

It has also been confirmed many times in later research studies, further supporting the validity of this finding

Evaluation: | Being able to identify different aspects of LTM allows psychologists to do what?

Being able to identify different aspects of LTM allows psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better people's lives

Evaluation: Being able to identify different aspects of LTM allows psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better people's lives. Who (what year) demonstrated that episodic memories could be what in older people who had what?

Belleville et al. (2006) demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment

The trained participants performed better on a test of episodic memory after training than a control group

Evaluation: Being able to identify different aspects of LTM allows psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better people's lives. Belleville et al. (2006) demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment. The trained participants performed better on a test of episodic memory after training than a control group. Episodic memory is the type of memory most often affected by what?

Episodic memory is the type of memory most often affected by mild cognitive impairment

Episodic memory is the type of memory most often affected by mild cognitive impairment, which highlights the benefit of being able to distinguish between types of LTM

Episodic memory is the type of memory most often affected by mild cognitive impairment, which highlights the benefit of being able to distinguish between types of LTM - because it enables specific treatments to be developed

Evaluation: | Psychologists are very interested in studying people with what?

Psychologists are very interested in studying people with brain injuries

Evaluation: Psychologists are very interested in studying people with brain injuries. People like Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison have provided what?

People like: 1. Clive Wearing 2. Henry Molaison have provided a lot of useful information about what happens when memory is damaged

Evaluation: Psychologists are very interested in studying people with brain injuries. People like Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison have provided a lot of useful information about what happens when memory is damaged. This has even helped researchers to do what?

This has even helped researchers to understand how memory is supposed to work normally

Such clinical studies are not perfect

For example, there is a serious lack of control of all sorts of different variables in clinical studies

Evaluation: | Who (what year) disagree with Tulving's division of LTM into 3 types?

Cohen and Squire (1980) disagree with Tulving's division of LTM into 3 types

Evaluation: Cohen and Squire (1980) disagree with Tulving's division of LTM into 3 types. What do they accept?

They accept that procedural memories represent one type of LTM

Evaluation: Cohen and Squire (1980) disagree with Tulving's division of LTM into 3 types. They accept that procedural memories represent one type of LTM, but they argue what?

They accept that procedural memories represent one type of LTM, but they argue that: 1. Episodic 2. Semantic memories are stored together in one LTM store

They accept that procedural memories represent one type of LTM, but they argue that: 1. Episodic 2. Semantic memories are stored together in one LTM store that they call declarative memory

Evaluation: Cohen and Squire (1980) disagree with Tulving's division of LTM into 3 types. They accept that procedural memories represent one type of LTM, but they argue that episodic and semantic memories are stored together in one LTM store that they call declarative memory. What is declarative memory?

Declarative memory is memories that can be consciously recalled

In contrast, procedural memories are non-declarative

Non-declarative memory is memories that cannot be consciously recalled

Memories from the episodic memory store have to be retrieved how?

Memories from the episodic memory store have to be retrieved: 1. Consciously 2. With effort