1 - ENT - Head and Neck - Swallowing and Dysphagia

Question 1

First two stages of swallowing

Answer 1

oral prep - chew + mix with saliva

oral - voluntary - food moved to back by tongue

Question 2

Last two steps of swallowing

Answer 2

Pharyngeal - involuntary - soft palate elevates, epiglottis covers trachea ,tongue moves backwards

Oesophageal - involuntary, food enters oesophagus

Question 3

Two main types of causes of dysphagia

Answer 3

Mechanical problems

Motility problems

Question 4

4 mechanical problems with swallowing

Answer 4

malignant stricture

benign stricture

extrinsic pressure - lung CA, goitre, AAneurysm, lymphadenopathy

pharyngeal pouch

Question 5

Motility problems with swallowing

Answer 5

Achalasia - lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax
diffuse oesophageal spasm
bulbar palsy
systemic sclerosis

Question 6

other causes of swallowing difficulty

Answer 6

oesophagitis - GORD, or Candida

Question 7

What is Globus Pharyngeus

Answer 7

sensation of lump in throat when not swallowing food

Question 8

Globus pharyngeus - relief? cause?

Answer 8

may be relieved by swallowing

cause unclear - related to silent reflux? ——– exclude malignancy!