zo3 Flashcards

1
Q
  • specialized structures in cells that perform
    specific functions
  • Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.
A

Organelles:

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2
Q

jelly-like substance that holds organelle

A

Cytoplasm:

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3
Q

what is the outermost component of a cell called?

  • Functions:
  • selective barrier
  • encloses cytoplasm
  • Extracellular: material outside cell
  • Intracellular: material inside cell
A

Cell Membrane

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4
Q

Structure of Cell Membrane

  • Called Fluid Mosaic Model
  • Made of phospholipids and proteins
  • Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
  • Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and
    nonpolar
  • Polar regions:
  • “heads”
  • hydrophilic (H2O loving)
  • exposed to H2O
  • Nonpolar regions:
  • “tails”
  • hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
  • away from H2O
A

Structure of Cell Membrane
* Called Fluid Mosaic Model
* Made of phospholipids and proteins
* Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
* Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and
nonpolar

  • Polar regions:
  • “heads”
  • hydrophilic (H2O loving)
  • exposed to H2O
  • Nonpolar regions:
  • “tails”
  • hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
  • away from H2O
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5
Q

Ways molecules Pass through Cell Membrane
1. Directly through (diffusion):
O2 and CO2
(small molecules)

  1. Membrane channels:
    - proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to other
  • size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can go through
  • Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels
  1. Carrier molecules:
    - bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off
    - Ex. glucose
  2. Vesicles:
    - can transport a variety of materials
    - fuse with cell membrane
A

Ways molecules Pass through Cell Membrane
1. Directly through (diffusion):
O2 and CO2
(small molecules)

  1. Membrane channels:
    - proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to other
  • size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can go through
  • Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels
  1. Carrier molecules:
    - bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off
    - Ex. glucose
  2. Vesicles:
    - can transport a variety of materials
    - fuse with cell membrane
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6
Q

What is the movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration called?

  • Solution: solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
  • Solute: substance added to solvent that dissolves
  • Solvent:
    substance such as H2O that solute is being added to

Ex. Add salt to H2O. H2O =solvent, salt=solute, mixture=solution

A

Diffusion

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7
Q
  • measures conc. difference at 2 points
  • greater the distance the faster the solute
    will travel
A
  • Concentration gradient:
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8
Q

movement of fluid through a partition with holes

A

Filtration:

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9
Q

Mediated Transport Mechanisms

  • diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
  • requires no ATP
A

Facilitated diffusion:

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10
Q

Mediated Transport Mechanisms

  • moves substances from low to high conc.
  • requires ATP
  • Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
A

Active transport:

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11
Q

What is diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?

  • _____
    force required to prevent movement of water across
    cell membrane
A

osmosis

osmotic pressure

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12
Q

Types of Osmotic Solutions
* ____ solution:
- lower conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. of H2O outside cell
- H2O moves into cell
- lysis (burst)

A

Hypotonic

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13
Q

Types of Osmotic Solutions

  • _____solution:
  • higher conc. of solutes outside cell
  • higher conc. H2O inside cell
  • H2O moves out
  • crenation (shrinks)
A

Hypertonic

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14
Q

Types of Osmotic Solutions

______solution:
- equal conc. of solutes
- water doesn’t move
- cell remains intact

A

Isotonic

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14
Q

What is the process that brings materials into cell using vesicles called?

  • 2 types
    -_____
    cell eating (solid particles)
  • _____
    cell drinking (liquid particles)
A

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis:

Pinocytosis:

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15
Q
  • What is the process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles called?
A

Exocytosis

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15
Q

Cell Structures
* _____
Location: inside cell
Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in
place

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

Cell Structures
______
Location: center of cell
Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some
point
Function: houses DNA

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Cell Structures

*_____
Location: edge of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope:

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18
Q

Cell Structures

______
Location: surface of nucleus
Function: where materials pass in and out of nucleus

A

Nuclear pores:

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19
Q

Cell Structures
_______
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
Function: part of genetic makeup

A

Chromosome:

20
Q

Cell Structures

_____
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes

A

Chromatin:

21
Q

Cell Structures

____
Location: in nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes

22
Q

Cell Structures

______
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
Function: produce proteins

23
Cell Structures _____ Location: cytoplasm Characteristic: membranes with ribosomes attached Function: site of protein synthesis
RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
24
Cell Structures ______ Location: cytoplasm Characteristic: membranes with no ribosomes Function: site of lipid synthesis (Ex. Cholesterol)
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
24
Cell Structures _______ Location: cytoplasm Characteristic: closely, packed stacks of membranes Function: collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins and lipids
* Golgi apparatus
25
Cell Structures _______ Location: cytoplasm Function: distributes materials out of cell
Secretory vesicle
26
Cell Structures _______ Location: cytoplasm Function: enzymes that digest foreign material
Lysosome
27
Cell Structures ______ Location: cytoplasm Characteristic: contains folds (cristae) Function: produces ATP
Mitochondria
28
Cell Structures ______ Location: cell surface Characteristic: many per cell Function: move materials across cell’s surface
Cilia
29
Cell Structures _____ Location: cell surface Characteristic: 1 per cell Function: move cell, Ex. sperm
Flagella
30
Cell Structures _____ Location: cell surface Characteristic: shorter than cilia Function: increase surface area
Microvilli
31
* What is it? - cell’s framework - made of proteins * Functions: - provide support - hold organelles in place - enable cell to change shape
Cytoskeleton
31
Types of Cytoskeleton _____ - largest diameter - provide structural support - form cilia and flagella
Microtubules:
32
Types of Cytoskeleton ____ - medium diameter - maintain cell shape
Intermediate filaments:
33
Types of Cytoskeleton _____ smallest diameter - involved in cell movement
* Microfilaments:
33
What is it? - double helix in nucleus - composed of nucleotides - contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, nitrogen base, phosphate
DNA
34
Flow of Genetic Information * Also called _____ * Occurs in three stages: – DNA replication – Transcription – Translation
Central Dogma
34
* What is it? - information in DNA directs protein synthesis - proteins provide code for _____ - enzymes regulate chemical reactions - uses transcription and translation
Gene Expression
35
What is it? - process by which DNA is “read” - occurs in ribosomes - produces mRNA (messenger RNA) - mRNA contains codons - codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid
Transcription
36
What is it? - process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides) - produces proteins - codons pair with anticodons - anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA
Translation
37
What is it? - formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell - uses mitosis and meiosis - each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes (diploid) - sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes
Cell Division
37
What is it? - cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells - forms 2 daughter cells
Mitosis
38
Components of Mitosis ____ where 2 chromatids are connected
Centromere:
38
Components of Mitosis 2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical
Chromatid:
39
Components of Mitosis ____ small organelle composed of 9 triplets
Centrioles:
40
Stages in Mitosis - time between cell divisions - DNA is in strands (chromatin) - DNA replication occurs
Interphase:
41
Stages in Mitosis - chromatin condenses into chromosomes - centrioles move to opposite ends
Prophase:
42
Stages in Mitosis chromosomes align
Metaphase:
43
Stages in Mitosis _____ - chromatids separate to form 2 sets of chromosomes - chromosomes move towards centrioles
Anaphase:
44
Stages in Mitosis - chromosomes disperse - nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form - cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells
Telophase: