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ACDS > zo3 > Flashcards

zo3 Flashcards

1
Q
  • specialized structures in cells that perform
    specific functions
  • Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.
A

Organelles:

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2
Q

jelly-like substance that holds organelle

A

Cytoplasm:

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3
Q

what is the outermost component of a cell called?

  • Functions:
  • selective barrier
  • encloses cytoplasm
  • Extracellular: material outside cell
  • Intracellular: material inside cell
A

Cell Membrane

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4
Q

Structure of Cell Membrane

  • Called Fluid Mosaic Model
  • Made of phospholipids and proteins
  • Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
  • Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and
    nonpolar
  • Polar regions:
  • “heads”
  • hydrophilic (H2O loving)
  • exposed to H2O
  • Nonpolar regions:
  • “tails”
  • hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
  • away from H2O
A

Structure of Cell Membrane
* Called Fluid Mosaic Model
* Made of phospholipids and proteins
* Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
* Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and
nonpolar

  • Polar regions:
  • “heads”
  • hydrophilic (H2O loving)
  • exposed to H2O
  • Nonpolar regions:
  • “tails”
  • hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
  • away from H2O
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5
Q

Ways molecules Pass through Cell Membrane
1. Directly through (diffusion):
O2 and CO2
(small molecules)

  1. Membrane channels:
    - proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to other
  • size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can go through
  • Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels
  1. Carrier molecules:
    - bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off
    - Ex. glucose
  2. Vesicles:
    - can transport a variety of materials
    - fuse with cell membrane
A

Ways molecules Pass through Cell Membrane
1. Directly through (diffusion):
O2 and CO2
(small molecules)

  1. Membrane channels:
    - proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to other
  • size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can go through
  • Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels
  1. Carrier molecules:
    - bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off
    - Ex. glucose
  2. Vesicles:
    - can transport a variety of materials
    - fuse with cell membrane
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6
Q

What is the movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration called?

  • Solution: solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
  • Solute: substance added to solvent that dissolves
  • Solvent:
    substance such as H2O that solute is being added to

Ex. Add salt to H2O. H2O =solvent, salt=solute, mixture=solution

A

Diffusion

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7
Q
  • measures conc. difference at 2 points
  • greater the distance the faster the solute
    will travel
A
  • Concentration gradient:
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8
Q

movement of fluid through a partition with holes

A

Filtration:

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9
Q

Mediated Transport Mechanisms

  • diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
  • requires no ATP
A

Facilitated diffusion:

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10
Q

Mediated Transport Mechanisms

  • moves substances from low to high conc.
  • requires ATP
  • Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
A

Active transport:

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11
Q

What is diffusion of water across a cell membrane called?

  • _____
    force required to prevent movement of water across
    cell membrane
A

osmosis

osmotic pressure

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12
Q

Types of Osmotic Solutions
* ____ solution:
- lower conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. of H2O outside cell
- H2O moves into cell
- lysis (burst)

A

Hypotonic

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13
Q

Types of Osmotic Solutions

  • _____solution:
  • higher conc. of solutes outside cell
  • higher conc. H2O inside cell
  • H2O moves out
  • crenation (shrinks)
A

Hypertonic

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14
Q

Types of Osmotic Solutions

______solution:
- equal conc. of solutes
- water doesn’t move
- cell remains intact

A

Isotonic

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14
Q

What is the process that brings materials into cell using vesicles called?

  • 2 types
    -_____
    cell eating (solid particles)
  • _____
    cell drinking (liquid particles)
A

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis:

Pinocytosis:

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15
Q
  • What is the process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles called?
A

Exocytosis

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15
Q

Cell Structures
* _____
Location: inside cell
Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in
place

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

Cell Structures
______
Location: center of cell
Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some
point
Function: houses DNA

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Cell Structures

*_____
Location: edge of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope:

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18
Q

Cell Structures

______
Location: surface of nucleus
Function: where materials pass in and out of nucleus

A

Nuclear pores:

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19
Q

Cell Structures
_______
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
Function: part of genetic makeup

A

Chromosome:

20
Q

Cell Structures

_____
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes

A

Chromatin:

21
Q

Cell Structures

____
Location: in nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

22
Q

Cell Structures

______
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
Function: produce proteins

A

Ribosome

23
Q

Cell Structures

_____
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with ribosomes attached
Function: site of protein synthesis

A

RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

24
Q

Cell Structures

______
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with no ribosomes
Function: site of lipid synthesis (Ex. Cholesterol)

A

SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)

24
Q

Cell Structures

_______
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: closely, packed stacks of
membranes
Function: collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins and lipids

A
  • Golgi apparatus
25
Q

Cell Structures

_______
Location: cytoplasm
Function: distributes materials out of cell

A

Secretory vesicle

26
Q

Cell Structures

_______
Location: cytoplasm
Function: enzymes that digest foreign material

A

Lysosome

27
Q

Cell Structures

______
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: contains folds (cristae)
Function: produces ATP

A

Mitochondria

28
Q

Cell Structures
______
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: many per cell
Function: move materials across cell’s surface

A

Cilia

29
Q

Cell Structures

_____
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: 1 per cell
Function: move cell, Ex. sperm

A

Flagella

30
Q

Cell Structures

_____
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: shorter than cilia
Function: increase surface area

A

Microvilli

31
Q
  • What is it?
  • cell’s framework
  • made of proteins
  • Functions:
  • provide support
  • hold organelles in place
  • enable cell to change shape
A

Cytoskeleton

31
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

_____
- largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules:

32
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

____
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape

A

Intermediate filaments:

33
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

_____
smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement

A
  • Microfilaments:
33
Q

What is it?
- double helix in nucleus
- composed of nucleotides
- contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose,
nitrogen base, phosphate

A

DNA

34
Q

Flow of Genetic Information
* Also called _____
* Occurs in three stages:
– DNA replication
– Transcription
– Translation

A

Central Dogma

34
Q
  • What is it?
  • information in DNA directs protein
    synthesis
  • proteins provide code for _____
  • enzymes regulate chemical reactions
  • uses transcription and translation
A

Gene Expression

35
Q

What is it?
- process by which DNA is “read”
- occurs in ribosomes
- produces mRNA (messenger RNA)
- mRNA contains codons
- codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid

A

Transcription

36
Q

What is it?
- process by mRNA is converted into amino
acids (polypeptides)
- produces proteins
- codons pair with anticodons
- anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA

A

Translation

37
Q

What is it?
- formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell
- uses mitosis and meiosis
- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes (diploid)
- sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes

A

Cell Division

37
Q

What is it?
- cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells
- forms 2 daughter cells

A

Mitosis

38
Q

Components of Mitosis

____
where 2 chromatids are connected

A

Centromere:

38
Q

Components of Mitosis

2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical

A

Chromatid:

39
Q

Components of Mitosis

____
small organelle composed of 9 triplets

A

Centrioles:

40
Q

Stages in Mitosis

  • time between cell divisions
  • DNA is in strands (chromatin)
  • DNA replication occurs
A

Interphase:

41
Q

Stages in Mitosis

  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • centrioles move to opposite ends
A

Prophase:

42
Q

Stages in Mitosis

chromosomes align

A

Metaphase:

43
Q

Stages in Mitosis

_____
- chromatids separate to form 2 sets of
chromosomes
- chromosomes move towards centrioles

A

Anaphase:

44
Q

Stages in Mitosis

  • chromosomes disperse
  • nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
  • cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells
A

Telophase:

ACDS (97 decks)

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