DVPSYQUALIFYING Flashcards
- is the scientific study of systematic processes of change and stability in all domains, or aspects of development and throughout all periods of the life span
- study of age related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion and personality
Developmental Psychology
- the pattern of movement or change that begins from conception to and continues throughout the life span.
Development
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- changes in an individual’s physical nature
Biological Domain
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- changes in thought, intelligence, and language
Cognitive Domain
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Changes in relationship with other people, emotions, and personality
Socioemotional domain
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
womb to womb
Lifelong -
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
complex interaction of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes influence
Multidimensional -
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
- some dimensions expand, others shrink (gain-stability loss model)
Multidirectional
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
- capacity of change (characteristics are malleable)
Plastic/Plasticity
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
- Development occurs within a contextual or socio-cultural influences
Contextual
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
- Mastery of life is regulating three goals of human development: 1 - growth, 2 - maintenance, 3 - regulation of loss.
Developmental involves changing resources allocations
PRINCIPLES OF THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE APPROACH
- across different fields of study
Multidisciplinary
- biological inheritance
- an evolutionary and genetic foundation produces commonalities in growth and development
Nature
- environmental factors/experiences (e.g. parents, peers, and culture)
Nurture
- development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment
Interactionist Perspective (epigenetic view)
- groupings, based on roles, privileges , and responsibilities
Age grade
3 TYPES OF CONTEXTS
- changes that occur in a particular age groups/social clock/rites of passage
Normative age graded influences / Age norms
3 TYPES OF CONTEXTS
- changes that occur in a particular generation
Normative history-graded/ Historical context
- a group of people who experience the event at a formative time in their lives
Historical generation
- a group of people born at about the same time.
Cohort
3 TYPES OF CONTEXTS
- unusual occurrences that have a major influence on an individual.
Non-normative / highly individualized life events
Is development active or reactive?
development is shaped by environment input..
Forerunner: John Locke’s tabula rasa-blank slate.
Reactive (Mechanistic model ) -
Is development active or reactive?
- organisms set their own development in motion
Forerunner: Jean Jacques Rousseau
Active (Organismic model)
Is development continuous or discontinuous?
- gradual and incremental: Quantitative change
Continuous
Is development continuous or discontinuous?
- abrupt or uneven: qualitative change: stage oriented
Discontinuous
What theory?
- developement is shaped by unconscious forces (sex and aggression)
- provinces of the mind/structure of personality: Id, ego, and superego
- “the child is the father of the man” our experiences in the first 6 years of life is critical in personality development.
- children progress through a series of developmental stages and the child’s experiences during on each stage determine adult personality characteristics
Psychosexual Development theory (Psychoanalytic perspective/sigmund freud)
What theory?
- Each stage of_____ consists of interaction of opposites
- each stage is marked by a conflict between syntonic (harmonious) element and dystonic (disruptive) element.
- these conflicts are capable of producing basic/ ego strength. If there is too little ego strength at any one stage, it can lead to core pathology for that stage.
- elevated social factors which makes his theory more flexible as compared to Freud’s psychosexual development.
Psychosocial theory (Erik Erikson/Psychoanalytic theory)
- development results from learning due to environmental influence
___ theorists make the study of human development more scientific since the focus is on observable behavior
Learning perspective
What theory?
- the use of consequences to form or modify the occurrences of behavior
Operant conditioning (learning perspective/B.F. skinner)
FOUR PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
- increase likelihood of behavior by providing favorable stimulus
Positive reinforcement
FOUR PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
- increase likelihood by removing unfavorable stimulus
Negative reinforcement
FOUR PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
-decrease likelihood of behavior by providing unfavorable stimulus
Positive punishment
FOUR PROCEDURES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
- decrease likelihood of behavior by removing favorable stimulus
Negative punishment
- a rule that states under what conditions a reinforcer will be delivered (mentioned by B.F. skinner)
Reinforcement schedule
- occurs when reinforcement is given after every single desired behavior
Continuous
- occurs when reinforcement is given after some behavior but never after each one
Intermittent
- a fixed number of responses must be made before the reward is administered
Fixed ratio
- the number of responses determines the delivery of reinforcement but the ratio changes from reinforcement to reinforcement. Slot machines are set to pay-off according to this: Keeps people coming back and guessing the next pay-off will be
Variable ratio
- reinforcement will be delivered after a specific passage of time
Fixed Interval
- the length of time is varied or unspecified before the delivery of the the reinforcement.
Variable interval
What theory?
- process in which an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus comes to elicit a response without the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning (learning perspective/ivan pavlov)
CONCEPTS IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- process of weakening or eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
CONCEPTS IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or time has passed.
Spontaneous recovery
CONCEPTS IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, not just the exact stimulus that was originally paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Generalization
CONCEPTS IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus that was paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
What theory?
-the outstanding characteristic of humans is plasticity
- people have the capacity to regulate their lives through the triadic reciprocal causation mode (environment, person, behavior)
- takes an agentic perspective
- people regulat heir conduct through both external and internal factors
- people regulat their behavior through moral agency
Social learning/Social cognitive theory (albert bandura/learning perspective)
- it is a learning by observing and imitating models
- the hear of this is “modeling”
3 Principles of modeling
1) People are most likely to model high-status people
2) People who lack skill or stats are most likely to model
3) People tend to model behavior that they see as being rewarding to the model.
Observational learning
SLT MODELING PROCESS
- we must first pay attention to the model
Attention
SLT MODELING PROCESS
- we must be able to remember the observed behavior
Retention
SLT MODELING PROCESS
- we must be able to replicated the behavior demonstrated
Reproduction
SLT MODELING PROCESS
- we must be motivated to demonstrate what we have learned
Motivation
What theory?
- children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
- This theory is regarded as cornerstone in the field of developmental psychology
Cognitive Development theory (cognitive perspective/jean piaget)
Cognitive growth occurs through 3 processes (Cognitive development theory
- creating categories
Organization
Cognitive growth occurs through 3 processes (Cognitive development theory
- handling new information in light of what they already know.
Assimilation - taking in new information in light of what they already know.
Accommodation - adjusting one’s cognitive structures to fit the new information.
Adaptation
Cognitive growth occurs through 3 processes (Cognitive development theory
- balancing cognitive structures and new experiences
Equilibration -
What theory?
-social and cultural processes guide children’s cognitive development
- cognitive growth is a collaborative process
- people learn through social interaction
Sociocultural theory (Lev Vygotsky/cognitive perspective)
Sociocultural theory (Lev Vygotsky/cognitive perspective)
- where the learner is right now
zone of achieved development
Sociocultural theory (Lev vygotsky/cognititve perspective)
- what needs to be done to take the learner where they need to be
zone of proximal development
Sociocultural theory (Lev vygotsky/cognititve perspective)
- temporary support given to a child in doing a task
scaffolding
What theory?
- developing person is embedded in a series of environmental systems
-these systems influence person’s development - bidirectional/reciprocal influence
Bioecological theory (contextual perspective/urie bronfenbrenner)
Environmental systems (Bioecological theory)
- immediate physical and social environment/every day environment of home, school, work, etc.
Microsystem
Environmental systems (Bioecological theory)
- interrelationships between two or more microsystems
Mesosystem
Environmental systems (Bioecological theory)
- social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can still influence their development
Exosystems
Environmental systems (Bioecological theory)
- larger cultural or societal context in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded.
Macrosystem