scpy Flashcards
is the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people: parents, friends, employers, teachers, strangers— indeed, by the entire social situation
Social psychology
According to Allport:
- the influence of reference persons (e.g., our parents) whose expectations might influence our behavior
- much of our behavior is shaped by social roles and cultural norms.
Imagined presence
Implied presence-
- a method in which the researcher deliberately introduces some change into a setting to examine the consequences of that change.
Experiment
- a true randomized experiment conducted in a natural setting. Meaning, an experiment is done in the every day (i.e. real life) environment of the participants. The experimenter still manipulates the independent variable, but in a real-life setting (so cannot really control extraneous variables).
Field Experiment-
a study, conducted in the laboratory, in which the researcher deliberately introduces some change into a setting, while holding all other factors constant, to examine the consequences of that change. Laboratory not necessarily mean the physical laboratory but a place the researcher decided to conduct the experiment at what time, with which participants, in what circumstances, and using a standardized procedure
Laboratory Experiment-
-he published his first theoretical paper in social psychology on informal social communication and the process, via social comparison, of establishing the correctness of one’s beliefs (1950)
- he then published the work for which he is best known, his theory of cognitive dissonance (1957) which marked the end of his interest in social psychology and shifted, first to the visual system and perception, then to archaeology and the history of religion.
- his theory of cognitive dissonance dictated
the research agenda in social psychology during the 1960s and 1970s
Leon Festinger (1919-1990)
- an application of principles of cognitive psychology to the area of social psychology
How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
Social Cognition
If the goal is to describe what a particular group of people or type of behavior is like, the _____is very helpful. This is the technique whereby a researcher observes people and records measurements or impressions of their behavior.
observational method
____, two variables are systematically measured, and the relationship between them—how much you can predict one from the other—is assessed
correlational method
The only way to determine causal relationships is with the_____ Here, the researcher systematically orchestrates the event so that people experience it in one way or another way . The ____ is the method of choice in most social psychological research, because it allows the experimenter to make causal inferences.
experimental method.
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors is called the _____
fundamental attribution error,
Leon Festinger’s ____ holds that people learn about their own abilities and attitudes by comparing themselves to others.
social comparison theory
similar background in the area in question. If your goal is to know what excellence is—the top level to which you can aspire—you are likely to engage in ____, which is comparing yourself to people who are better than you are with regard to a particular trait or ability. If our goal is to feel good about ourselves and boost our egos, then we are better off engaging in ____—comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability.
upward social comparison
downward social comparison
_____is the attempt by people to get others to see them the way they want to be seen. Just as politicians try to put the best possible spin on their actions and manage the impressions others have of them, so do we in our everyday lives.
People have many different impression management strategies (Jones & Pittman, 1982). One is ____—using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another, often a person of higher status
Impression management
ingratiation
people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves. There are two major ways in which people _____. In its more extreme form, called ____, people act in ways that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed on a task so that if they fail, they can blame it on the obstacles they created rather than on their lack of ability. The second type, called ____ is less extreme. Rather than creating obstacles to success, people devise ready-made excuses in case they fail.
self-handicap
behavioral self-handicapping
reported self-handicapping,
is defined as peoples evaluations of their own self-worth—that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent.
Self-esteem
A ____ is a mental shortcut: When all we have is a small amount of information, our schemas provide additional information to fill in the gaps. Thus, when we are trying to understand other people, we can use just a few observations of a person as a starting point and then, using our schemas, create a much fuller understanding.
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
schema
____ in social perception: What we learn first about another person colors how we see the information we learn next.
Why did that acquaintance behave as she did? To answer this “why” question, we will use our immediate observations to form
primacy effect
Harold Kelley’s major contribution to attribution theory was the idea that we notice and think about more than one piece of information when forming such judgments (Kelley, 1967, 1973). For example, let’s say you ask your friend to lend you her car, and she says no. Naturally, you wonder why. What explains her behavior? Kelley’s theory, called the ______ says that you will examine multiple behaviors from different times and situations to answer this question. Has your friend refused to lend you her car in the past? Does she lend it to other people? Does she normally lend you things when you ask her?
covariation model,
COVARIATION MODEL
1) - How do other people behave? ( refers to how other people behave toward the same stimulus)
2) - Does he usually behave like this? ( refers to how the actor (the person whose behavior we are trying to explain) responds to other stimuli)
3) - Is his behavior in this situation different from that in other situation? ( efers to the frequency with which the observed behavior between the same actor and the same stimulus occurs across time and circumstances. )
Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness
is the way in which people infer someone else’s attitudes and feelings by observing that person’s behavior.
Attribution
, people use the same attributional principles to infer their own attitudes and feelings.
self-perception theory
_____ is the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures. On the other hand, _____ is the desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting
Intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
____ is the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change. ___ is the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
Fixed mindset
Growth mindset
