scpy Flashcards
is the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people: parents, friends, employers, teachers, strangers— indeed, by the entire social situation
Social psychology
According to Allport:
- the influence of reference persons (e.g., our parents) whose expectations might influence our behavior
- much of our behavior is shaped by social roles and cultural norms.
Imagined presence
Implied presence-
- a method in which the researcher deliberately introduces some change into a setting to examine the consequences of that change.
Experiment
- a true randomized experiment conducted in a natural setting. Meaning, an experiment is done in the every day (i.e. real life) environment of the participants. The experimenter still manipulates the independent variable, but in a real-life setting (so cannot really control extraneous variables).
Field Experiment-
a study, conducted in the laboratory, in which the researcher deliberately introduces some change into a setting, while holding all other factors constant, to examine the consequences of that change. Laboratory not necessarily mean the physical laboratory but a place the researcher decided to conduct the experiment at what time, with which participants, in what circumstances, and using a standardized procedure
Laboratory Experiment-
-he published his first theoretical paper in social psychology on informal social communication and the process, via social comparison, of establishing the correctness of one’s beliefs (1950)
- he then published the work for which he is best known, his theory of cognitive dissonance (1957) which marked the end of his interest in social psychology and shifted, first to the visual system and perception, then to archaeology and the history of religion.
- his theory of cognitive dissonance dictated
the research agenda in social psychology during the 1960s and 1970s
Leon Festinger (1919-1990)
- an application of principles of cognitive psychology to the area of social psychology
How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
Social Cognition
If the goal is to describe what a particular group of people or type of behavior is like, the _____is very helpful. This is the technique whereby a researcher observes people and records measurements or impressions of their behavior.
observational method
____, two variables are systematically measured, and the relationship between them—how much you can predict one from the other—is assessed
correlational method
The only way to determine causal relationships is with the_____ Here, the researcher systematically orchestrates the event so that people experience it in one way or another way . The ____ is the method of choice in most social psychological research, because it allows the experimenter to make causal inferences.
experimental method.
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors is called the _____
fundamental attribution error,
Leon Festinger’s ____ holds that people learn about their own abilities and attitudes by comparing themselves to others.
social comparison theory
similar background in the area in question. If your goal is to know what excellence is—the top level to which you can aspire—you are likely to engage in ____, which is comparing yourself to people who are better than you are with regard to a particular trait or ability. If our goal is to feel good about ourselves and boost our egos, then we are better off engaging in ____—comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability.
upward social comparison
downward social comparison
_____is the attempt by people to get others to see them the way they want to be seen. Just as politicians try to put the best possible spin on their actions and manage the impressions others have of them, so do we in our everyday lives.
People have many different impression management strategies (Jones & Pittman, 1982). One is ____—using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another, often a person of higher status
Impression management
ingratiation
people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves. There are two major ways in which people _____. In its more extreme form, called ____, people act in ways that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed on a task so that if they fail, they can blame it on the obstacles they created rather than on their lack of ability. The second type, called ____ is less extreme. Rather than creating obstacles to success, people devise ready-made excuses in case they fail.
self-handicap
behavioral self-handicapping
reported self-handicapping,
is defined as peoples evaluations of their own self-worth—that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent.
Self-esteem
A ____ is a mental shortcut: When all we have is a small amount of information, our schemas provide additional information to fill in the gaps. Thus, when we are trying to understand other people, we can use just a few observations of a person as a starting point and then, using our schemas, create a much fuller understanding.
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
schema
____ in social perception: What we learn first about another person colors how we see the information we learn next.
Why did that acquaintance behave as she did? To answer this “why” question, we will use our immediate observations to form
primacy effect
Harold Kelley’s major contribution to attribution theory was the idea that we notice and think about more than one piece of information when forming such judgments (Kelley, 1967, 1973). For example, let’s say you ask your friend to lend you her car, and she says no. Naturally, you wonder why. What explains her behavior? Kelley’s theory, called the ______ says that you will examine multiple behaviors from different times and situations to answer this question. Has your friend refused to lend you her car in the past? Does she lend it to other people? Does she normally lend you things when you ask her?
covariation model,
COVARIATION MODEL
1) - How do other people behave? ( refers to how other people behave toward the same stimulus)
2) - Does he usually behave like this? ( refers to how the actor (the person whose behavior we are trying to explain) responds to other stimuli)
3) - Is his behavior in this situation different from that in other situation? ( efers to the frequency with which the observed behavior between the same actor and the same stimulus occurs across time and circumstances. )
Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness
is the way in which people infer someone else’s attitudes and feelings by observing that person’s behavior.
Attribution
, people use the same attributional principles to infer their own attitudes and feelings.
self-perception theory
_____ is the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures. On the other hand, _____ is the desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting
Intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
____ is the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change. ___ is the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
Fixed mindset
Growth mindset
_____ is thought that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless. Ex. When we walk into a fast-food restaurant we’ve never visited, we know, without thinking, not to wait at a table for a waiter and a menu.
Automatic thinking
___ on the other hand, is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. (ex. Reading Girl, Interrupted primes certain traits, such as those describing people with mental illnesses, making it more likely that these traits will be used to interpret a new event, such as the behavior of the man on the bus, even though this new event is completely unrelated to the one that originally primed the traits)
Priming
A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context is called _____ For example, Westerners are most likely to focus on the planes because they are the main objects in the pictures. They are thus more likely to notice differences in these objects, such as the fact that the passenger plane has more windows in the second picture than in the top one
analytic thinking style.
_____style, on the other side, is a type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other. For example, East Asians are more likely to notice differences in the backgrounds of the pictures, such as the fact that the shape of the control tower changes from one to the other.
Holistic thinking
Also known as “when saying becomes believing”, _____ occurs when we claim to have an opinion or attitude that differs from our true beliefs. (voted for a politician who is corrupt (even though you know it yourself so it’s against your will) because he gave you money, but eventually you’re beliefs about that politician slowly changed)
counterattitudinal advocacy
Leon Festinger developed and investigated the precise workings of the theory of _____. He defined ____ as the discomfort that is caused when two cognitions (beliefs, attitudes) conflict, or when our behavior conflicts with our attitudes. (smoker who keeps smoking even though he knows it’s bad)
cognitive dissonance
_____ is a reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g., to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment). _____ is the reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself (e.g., one’s attitude or behavior).
External Justification
Internal Justification
____is a concept in psychology that involves highlighting when someone’s actions contradict their expressed beliefs or values. (nag popromote ng pag save ng environment kahit nagtatapon ng basura sa kahit saan)
hypocrisy paradigm
_____ is the way we understand who we are and formulate and organize this information
self-knowledge
____ is the way we make plans and execute decisions
self-control
How exactly do we come to know who we are and why we do what we do? One way is with _____ which is looking inward to examine the “inside information” that we—and we alone—have about our thoughts, feelings, and motives.
introspection,
_____ refer to the assumption that personal factors, such as an individual’s abilities, are the cause of an event or behavior. _____ are the assumption that situational factors, such as an individual’s physical environment, are the cause of an event or behavior.
Internal attributions (dispositional attribution)
External attributions (situational attributions)
- the processes by which a person uses the behavior of others to form opinions or make inferences about those individuals, particularly regarding their motives, attitudes, or values.
social perception
is the tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports our preexisting beliefs. As a result, we tend to ignore any information that contradicts those beliefs. (you only promote good information about the candidate that you support and ignore others)
Confirmation bias
The values inherent in ____ Western cultures cause people, as they grow up, to develop more of an analytic thinking style. This style involves focusing on the properties of objects (or people) while paying much less attention, if any, to the context or situation that surrounds that object. In contrast, the values of _____ cultures, such as those of East Asia (e.g., China, Korea, and Japan), cause people to develop more of a holistic thinking style. Here, people focus on the “whole picture”—that is, the object (or person) and the context that surrounds that object as well as the relationships that exist between them
individualistic
collectivistic
____refers to learning that involves consciousness and effort. _____on the other hand, is largely independent of conscious awareness of either the learning process or the learning products.
Explicit learning
Implicit learning,
