CGPSYM8

Question 1

is often defined as application of learning over time.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory.

Answer 2

Encoding -

Question 3

refers to how you retain encoded information in memory.

Answer 3

Storage -

Question 4

refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory.

Answer 4

Retrieval -

Question 5

posits that memory is not a single, unitary system that relies on one neuroanatomical circuit, rather memory is made up of multiple memory systems that can work independently of one another.

Answer 5

Multiple systems model

Question 6

Is a memory system that is controlled consciously, intentionally, and flexibly.

generally involves some effort and intention, and we can employ memory strategies such as mnemonics to recall information.

Answer 6

Declarative memory or explicit memory

Question 7

Declarative memory subsystems
- a short-term memory system that allows us to store and process limited amounts of information of an immediate sense. It lasts anywhere from 2 to 18 seconds.

Answer 7

working memory

Question 8

Declarative memory subsystems
a long-term memory system that stores information about specific events or episodes related to one’s own life. It is used to recall past events, such as a movie you saw last week, the dinner you ate last night, the name of the book your friend recommended, or a birthday party you attended.

Answer 8

episodic memory -

Question 9

Declarative memory subsystems
- a long-term memory system that stores general knowledge. Examples of what semantic memory stores are vocabulary or facts such as 2 + 2 = 4 and Michigan is a state in the United States.

Answer 9

semantic memory

Question 10

is a memory system that influences our current perceptions and behavior without our knowledge, awareness, or intention.

is not used intentionally and involves no effort. It is assessed with an implicit memory test in which the individual is unaware she or he is taking a memory test.

Answer 10

Nondeclarative memory or implicit memory

Question 11

is a memory system that works for a very brief period of time that stores a record of information received by receptor cells until the information is selected for further processing or discarded.

Answer 11

sensory register

Question 12

A. The sensory memory register is specific to individual senses:

 1. \_\_\_\_\_ for visual information 

 2. \_\_\_\_\_ for auditory information 

 3. \_\_\_\_\_ for recollection of data acquired by touch

Answer 12

Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Haptic memory

Question 13

is a short-term memory system we use to store and process information we are currently thinking about.

Answer 13

Working memory (WM)

Question 14

is the organization of items into familiar or manageable units or chunks.

Answer 14

Chunking

Question 15

Baddeley’s model of working memory
is the master component that coordinates activities among the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.

is believed to allocate attention and direct cognitive efforts. It is believed to be mediated by the frontal lobes of the brain.

Answer 15

central executive

Question 16

Baddeley’s model of working memory
is a short-term verbal store that holds verbal material in a buffer. The information can be kept active through subvocal rehearsal.

Answer 16

phonological loop

Question 17

Baddeley’s model of working memory
is a short-term store for visual and spatial material. It is believed to be essential for mental imagery and spatial reasoning.

Answer 17

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 18

Baddeley’s model of working memory
is a temporary store that integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad and long-term memory.

Answer 18

episodic buffer

Question 19

is the effect an item’s position on a list has on how well it is recalled.

Answer 19

Serial position effect

Question 20

is the concept that the first items in a list receive a great deal of rehearsal, and are, more likely to be transferred into long-term memory.

Answer 20

primacy effect

Question 21

is the concept that people tend to report the last items of a list first while those items are still in their working memory

Answer 21

recency effect

Question 22

is the memory for tasks to be completed in the future (sending an email, paying a bill, taking medication).

Answer 22

Prospective memory

Question 23

explains that long-term memory is a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information

Answer 23

information processing model

Question 24

The ____explains that information is processed differently depending upon the instructions and the task and can vary from relatively shallow processing to relatively deep processing.

Answer 24

levels of processing framework

Question 25

Levels of Processing
____ focuses on the physical features of an item rather than its meaning

Answer 25

Shallow processing or maintenance rehearsal

Question 26

Levels of Processing
_____focuses on the meaning of an item and involves forming associations between old and new information, with an effort on making elaborate connections with existing knowledge.

Answer 26

Deep processing or elaborative rehearsal

Question 27

____ is the process of getting (retrieving) information out of memory storage.

Answer 27

Retrieval

Question 28

_____ which occurs when some information blocks or disrupts the recall of other information, is believed to be a primary source of forgetting.

Answer 28

Interference,

Question 29

Interference
1. ____occurs when new information blocks or disrupts retrieval of older information. For example, if you are trying to recall an old, obsolete password to an account but can only remember your current password

Answer 29

Retroactive interference

Question 30

Interference
_____occurs when old, previously learned memories intrude with the recall of newer memories. For example, imagine your favorite pizza place moves across town and changes phone numbers. If you go to the old location or call the old phone number, you are experiencing proactive interference.

Answer 30

Proactive interference

Question 31

____is another example in which remembering too much can cause forgetting.

Answer 31

fan effect

Question 32

_____ occurs when we have many memories associated with a cue, and we selectively rehearse only one or two of those memories.

Answer 32

Retrieval-induced forgetting