CGPSYM8 Flashcards
is often defined as application of learning over time.
Memory
refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory.
Encoding -
refers to how you retain encoded information in memory.
Storage -
refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory.
Retrieval -
posits that memory is not a single, unitary system that relies on one neuroanatomical circuit, rather memory is made up of multiple memory systems that can work independently of one another.
Multiple systems model
Is a memory system that is controlled consciously, intentionally, and flexibly.
generally involves some effort and intention, and we can employ memory strategies such as mnemonics to recall information.
Declarative memory or explicit memory
Declarative memory subsystems
- a short-term memory system that allows us to store and process limited amounts of information of an immediate sense. It lasts anywhere from 2 to 18 seconds.
working memory
Declarative memory subsystems
a long-term memory system that stores information about specific events or episodes related to one’s own life. It is used to recall past events, such as a movie you saw last week, the dinner you ate last night, the name of the book your friend recommended, or a birthday party you attended.
episodic memory -
Declarative memory subsystems
- a long-term memory system that stores general knowledge. Examples of what semantic memory stores are vocabulary or facts such as 2 + 2 = 4 and Michigan is a state in the United States.
semantic memory
is a memory system that influences our current perceptions and behavior without our knowledge, awareness, or intention.
is not used intentionally and involves no effort. It is assessed with an implicit memory test in which the individual is unaware she or he is taking a memory test.
Nondeclarative memory or implicit memory
is a memory system that works for a very brief period of time that stores a record of information received by receptor cells until the information is selected for further processing or discarded.
sensory register
A. The sensory memory register is specific to individual senses:
1. \_\_\_\_\_ for visual information 2. \_\_\_\_\_ for auditory information 3. \_\_\_\_\_ for recollection of data acquired by touch
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Haptic memory
is a short-term memory system we use to store and process information we are currently thinking about.
Working memory (WM)
is the organization of items into familiar or manageable units or chunks.
Chunking
Baddeley’s model of working memory
is the master component that coordinates activities among the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.
is believed to allocate attention and direct cognitive efforts. It is believed to be mediated by the frontal lobes of the brain.
central executive
Baddeley’s model of working memory
is a short-term verbal store that holds verbal material in a buffer. The information can be kept active through subvocal rehearsal.
phonological loop
Baddeley’s model of working memory
is a short-term store for visual and spatial material. It is believed to be essential for mental imagery and spatial reasoning.
visuospatial sketchpad
Baddeley’s model of working memory
is a temporary store that integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad and long-term memory.
episodic buffer
is the effect an item’s position on a list has on how well it is recalled.
Serial position effect
is the concept that the first items in a list receive a great deal of rehearsal, and are, more likely to be transferred into long-term memory.
primacy effect
is the concept that people tend to report the last items of a list first while those items are still in their working memory
recency effect
is the memory for tasks to be completed in the future (sending an email, paying a bill, taking medication).
Prospective memory
explains that long-term memory is a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information
information processing model
The ____explains that information is processed differently depending upon the instructions and the task and can vary from relatively shallow processing to relatively deep processing.
levels of processing framework
Levels of Processing
____ focuses on the physical features of an item rather than its meaning
Shallow processing or maintenance rehearsal
Levels of Processing
_____focuses on the meaning of an item and involves forming associations between old and new information, with an effort on making elaborate connections with existing knowledge.
Deep processing or elaborative rehearsal
____ is the process of getting (retrieving) information out of memory storage.
Retrieval
_____ which occurs when some information blocks or disrupts the recall of other information, is believed to be a primary source of forgetting.
Interference,
Interference
1. ____occurs when new information blocks or disrupts retrieval of older information. For example, if you are trying to recall an old, obsolete password to an account but can only remember your current password
Retroactive interference
Interference
_____occurs when old, previously learned memories intrude with the recall of newer memories. For example, imagine your favorite pizza place moves across town and changes phone numbers. If you go to the old location or call the old phone number, you are experiencing proactive interference.
Proactive interference
____is another example in which remembering too much can cause forgetting.
fan effect
_____ occurs when we have many memories associated with a cue, and we selectively rehearse only one or two of those memories.
Retrieval-induced forgetting
