psandca5

Question 1

is an educated guess about the population parameter, an idea about the nature of social reality that is testable through systematic research

Answer 1

hypothesis

Question 2

a statement that provides a tentative description or explanation for the relationship between variables

Answer 2

hypothesis

Question 3

is a statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population

Answer 3

hypothesis test

Question 4

Example:

H0: Boys do not differ from girls in terms of math skills.

H1: Boys differ from girls in terms of math skills.

Answer 4

Two-Tailed (Non-directional) Hypothesis Tests

Question 5

states that in the general population, there is no change, no difference, or no relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Answer 5

Null Hypothesis (H0)

Question 6

states that there is a change, a difference, or a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Answer 6

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

Question 7

H0:? ( Boys > Girls) H1:? (Boys < Girls)
H0: ? (Boys < Girls) H1: ? (Boys > Girls)

Answer 7

One-tailed test, left or right directional.

Question 8

This type of hypothesis shows that H0 specifies either an increase or decrease in the population mean; and H1 specifies the opposite of H0 or there is a decrease or increase in the population mean.

Answer 8

One-tailed test, left or right directional.

Question 9

Level of significance is the area of the rejection region designated by the Greek letter ____________

is a smaller probability that is used to identify the low probability samples

Answer 9

alpha (α)

Question 10

the area of the acceptance region is designated by the Greek letter __________

Answer 10

Beta (ꞵ)

Question 11

is the probability of getting a sample statistic (such as the mean) or a more extreme sample statistic in the direction of the alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true

Answer 11

The P-value (or probability value)

Question 12

is the actual area under the standard normal distribution curve representing the probability of a particular sample statistic or a more extreme sample statistic occurring if the null hypothesis is true.

Answer 12

P-value

Question 13

is a parametric two-sample mean test to compare the means of two independent groups of samples drawn from a normal population if there are more than 30 scores (other objects) in the sample.

Answer 13

z-test

Question 14

a statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis about a population parameter

Answer 14

Hypothesis testing

Question 15

is a probability that is used to identify “very unlikely” outcomes

Answer 15

Alpha level/significance level

Question 16

consist of the extreme sample outcomes that are “very unlikely”

Answer 16

critical regions

Question 17

are determined by the probability set by the alpha level

Answer 17

boundaries of critical regions

Question 18

If the sample statistic is located in the critical region (<.05) what will happen to the null hypothesis?

Answer 18

rejected

Question 19

if the sample statistic is not located in the critical region (>0.05) what will happen to the null hypothesis?

Answer 19

fails to reject null hypothesis

Question 20

What type of error?

The researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is really false

Answer 20

Type II

Question 21

What type of error?

Researchers have failed to detect a real treatment effect?

Answer 21

Type II

Question 22

What type of error?
Occurs when the sample mean is not in the critical region even though the treatment has an effect on the sample.

Answer 22

Type II

Question 23

What type of error?

Researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true

Answer 23

Type I

Question 24

Concludes that a treatment has an effect when it has none

Answer 24

Type I

Question 25

Directional or Non-directional

the critical region involves both tails to determine if the treatment increases or decreases the target behavior

Answer 25

two-tailed non directional

Question 26

Directional or Non-directional

The researcher specifies either an increase or a decrease in the population mean as a consequence of the treatment

Answer 26

Directional or one talied