bp3 Flashcards
the Austrian physician and developer of phrenology.
Franz Joseph Gall
is a pseudoscience which argued that a person’s character could be determined by feeling the lumps on the skull.
Phrenology
The entire nervous system is divided into two parts: ———— and ————
the central nervous system (CNS) the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The ————- includes the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The —————- consists of all the nerves that pass through the brain and the spinal cord, carrying sensory and motor messages to and from the other part of the body.
peripheral nervous system
The ———— is a long cylindrical nerve tissue that extends from the medulla down to the first lumbar vertebra or vertebral column.
spinal cord
is shorter than the vertebral column because the cord itself stops growing before the bones in the vertebral column do.
spinal cord
circulates within the layers covering the CNS but not within the PNS.
Cerebrospinal fluid
In the midbrain, there is a small channel at the midline known as cerebral aqueduct which contains this
Cerebrospinal fluid
The spinal cord appears white called white matter when viewed in the horizontal section which is made up of nerve fibers known as —— which are the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons.
axons
The spinal cord appears white because of a fatty material called ——- that covers most human axons
myelin
is located above the spinal cord.
Hindbrain
The ———–,——— and ———– made up the brain stem.
mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata
divides into the myelencephalon or medulla, and the metencephalon. Cephalon refers to the head.
Hindbrain
It contains a number of nuclei or collections of cell bodies with shared function.
Myelencephalon (medulla).
An important portion of the upper medulla known as ———- plays an important role in the regulation of sleep and arousal.
reticular formation
It contains two major structures, the pons and the cerebellum.
Metencephalon.
which means “bridge” in Latin, form connections between the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum.
Pons
means “little brain” in Latin. It actually contains more nerve cells (neuron) than the rest of the brain combined. It processes the sequences and timing of muscle movements
Cerebellum
Damage to this part affects skilled movements, including speech production
It is the first brain structure affected by alcohol consumption
Cerebellum
It has a dorsal or top half known as the tectum or “roof” and a ventral or bottom half, known as the tegmentum, or “covering”.
Midbrain or mesencephalon.
The ———— are cell bodies called periaqueductal gray which play an important role in our perception of pain.
cerebral aqueduct
There are a lot of receptors in the ———— that respond to opiates such as morphine and heroin
periaqueductal gray
The ——— It contains the most advanced and most recently evolved structures of the brain
divides again later in embryological development like the hindbrain. The two divisions are the Diencephalon and the Telencephalon.
Forebrain.
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus which are located at the midline just above the mesencephalon or midbrain.
Connecting the cerebrum and the brain stem
Diencephalon
The ———— contains the bulk of the symmetrical left and right cerebral hemispheres.
telencephalon
The upper part of the diencephalon consists of the ——–
thalamus
Inputs from most of our sensory systems happen on the——– which then forwards the information on to the cerebral cortex for further processing.
thalamus,
Aside from the role of——— in sensation, it is also involved with states of arousal and consciousness.
is also involved in learning and memory
thalamus
Just below the thalamus is the ———– which is the major regulatory center for eating, drinking, sex, biorhythms, heart rate, blood pressure and temperature control.
is a collection of nuclei
hypothalamus
The brain depends on the ———– to perceive the outside world and tell the body to carry out its commands.
peripheral nervous system
its role is to carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain and bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.
peripheral nervous system
It contains three structural divisions: the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
There are 12 pairs of this nerves that enter and exit the brain directly to serve the region of the head and neck.
The Cranial Nerves
. There are 31 pairs of these nerves that exit the spinal cord to provide sensory and motor control of the body, arms, and legs.
The Spinal Nerves
Each of this nerve is known as mixed nerve because it contains a sensory or afferent nerve (toward the CNS) and motor, or efferent nerve (away from the CNS). The mixed nerves travel together to the part of the body they serve.
spinal nerve
. It was first described as “cells and fibers that pass to tissues other than the skeletal muscles” (Langley, 1921). The heart, lungs, digestive system and other organs are commanded by this
Autonomic nervous system
Through specialized training in———–, people learn to control a lot of autonomic functions such as lowering blood pressure and reducing blood flow to the brain to avoid migraine headaches. But once they shift attention the effect may not last.
biofeedback
Many ———- are carried out with the assistance of autonomic neurons. These include respiration, pupil dilation, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, and genital responses.
reflexive behaviors
———– is divided into two parts, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
autonomic nervous system .
——— is typically activated by internal stimuli like the arrival of food in the digestive system.
parasympathetic division
———– is activated by external environmental cues like sensing of danger.
sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body for action and designed to cope with emergencies. Humans either run or fight when dealing with emergencies. Therefore, it is known as our fight or flight system.
sympathetic nervous system
is widely distributed throughout the brain and is particularly involved with systems mediating movement, reinforcement, and planning.
Dopamine
——————————————– provide an important modulation of motor activity. This pathway appears to be particularly damaged in cases of Parkinson’s disease
Projections from the substantia nigra of the midbrain to the basal ganglia of the cerebral hemispheres
The participates in feelings of reward, and it plays an important role in addiction
mesolimbic system
——- and ———- were formerly referred to as adrenalin and noradrenalin,
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
We continue to refer to neurons releasing epinephrine as ————- and those releasing norepinephrine as ——————
adrenergic and noradrenergic.
“adrenalin rush” we associate with stress actually results from the release of ———— from the adrenal glands located above the kidneys in the lower back into the blood supply.
epinephrine
“adrenalin rush” we associate with stress actually results from the release of ———— from the adrenal glands located above the kidneys in the lower back into the blood supply.
epinephrine
Neurons that secrete norepinephrine are found in the ——-,——, and ——-
pons, medulla, and hypothalamus.
Produced in the choroid plexus
Bathes the brain and spinal cord while providing shock absorption.
Clear, colorless appearance, contains glucose
500-700ml produced daily but only 150 ml. is circulating
Cerebrospinal fluid
Vital reflex centers within the medulla:
Cardiac centers –
Vasomotor centers –
Respiratory centers –
Centers for vomiting, sneezing, coughing, & swallowing
control heart rate (PR)
control blood pressure (BP)
regulate breathing (RR)
critical control over vital function like CARDIAC & RESPIRATION ( BREATHING)
Medulla Oblongata
pneumotaxic center
Pons
Control skeletal muscles to ensure smooth and coordinated muscle movements, equilibrium and posture
cerebellum
Cerebelum
normal size (equal) pupils -
uneven size pupils – damage to mid brain -
Isocoria
Anisocoria
connects pons and cerebellum
- reflex centers involved in vision and hearing
Midbrain or mesencephalon.
- relay & processing station for all sensation except the smell
- Controls emotion such as unpleasant and pleasantness
- Role in arousal and alerting mechanism
- Controls rage and fear
Thalamus
Acts as a control center for hormone production (pituitary gland)
hypothalamus
Acts as a control center for hormone production (pituitary gland)
hypothalamus
participates in different kinds of regulatory functions, including blood circulation, secretion, digestion, urination and defecation.
Autonomic nervous system.
Regulates & innervates the activities of the internal organs
Controls Vital Organ Functions
Responsible for maintenance and restoration of internal homeostasis
Autonomic nervous system.
Neurons that receive information from our sensory organs (e.g. eye, skin) and transmit this input to the central nervous system are called .
afferent neurons
Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called
efferent neurons.
a. Controls voluntary motor activity
b. Controls personality development
c. Higher intellectual (cognitive) functioning
d. Brocca’s area – speech center
e. Brain center of foresight, abstract thinking , attitude and judgement
Frontal lobe
a. Hearing, Taste and Smell
b. Long & Short term memory
c. Wernicke’s area – Gen. interpretative or knowing Gnostic area
2.) Temporal ( seat of MEMORY)
a. Spatial discrimination
b. Center for recognition of pain (touch-sensation),taste, temperature , pressure and perception of body position in relation to environment
( left and right / Far and Near Perceptions
Parietal lobe
– vision, sense of balance
Occipital lobe
PERRLA
– (Pupil equally Round , Reactive to light & accommodation)
THE coverings or membranes that protect the Brain-
Meninges
Meninges
Tough, white fibrous connective tissue
Subdural space = potential space
Dura Mater = outermost
Meninges
Thin, delicate, cobweb-like membrane
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF & blood vessels
Arachnoid = Middle
Meninges
Thin, vascular membrane tightly bound to the brain. Embraces the Brain as a whole
Pia Mater = Innermost
Upper motor lesions
-loss of voluntary control
-Increased muscle tone
-Muscle spasticity
- no muscle atrophy
-hyperactive and abnormal reflexes
Convulsive Seizures
-loss of voluntary control
-decreased muscle tone
-Flaccid muscle paralysis
- muscle atrophy
-Absent or decreased reflexes
Vegetative Coma
Assessment of the Neurologic System
5 categories:
- Cerebral function- LOC, Mental status
- Cranial nerves
- Motor function
- Sensory function
- Reflexes
