bp3

Question 1

the Austrian physician and developer of phrenology.

Answer 1

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 2

is a pseudoscience which argued that a person’s character could be determined by feeling the lumps on the skull.

Answer 2

Phrenology

Question 3

The entire nervous system is divided into two parts: ———— and ————

Answer 3

the central nervous system (CNS) the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Question 4

The ————- includes the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 4

central nervous system

Question 5

The —————- consists of all the nerves that pass through the brain and the spinal cord, carrying sensory and motor messages to and from the other part of the body.

Answer 5

peripheral nervous system

Question 6

The ———— is a long cylindrical nerve tissue that extends from the medulla down to the first lumbar vertebra or vertebral column.

Answer 6

spinal cord

Question 7

is shorter than the vertebral column because the cord itself stops growing before the bones in the vertebral column do.

Answer 7

spinal cord

Question 8

circulates within the layers covering the CNS but not within the PNS.

Answer 8

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

In the midbrain, there is a small channel at the midline known as cerebral aqueduct which contains this

Answer 9

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

The spinal cord appears white called white matter when viewed in the horizontal section which is made up of nerve fibers known as —— which are the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons.

Answer 10

axons

Question 11

The spinal cord appears white because of a fatty material called ——- that covers most human axons

Answer 11

myelin

Question 12

is located above the spinal cord.

Answer 12

Hindbrain

Question 13

The ———–,——— and ———– made up the brain stem.

Answer 13

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 14

divides into the myelencephalon or medulla, and the metencephalon. Cephalon refers to the head.

Answer 14

Hindbrain

Question 15

It contains a number of nuclei or collections of cell bodies with shared function.

Answer 15

Myelencephalon (medulla).

Question 16

An important portion of the upper medulla known as ———- plays an important role in the regulation of sleep and arousal.

Answer 16

reticular formation

Question 17

It contains two major structures, the pons and the cerebellum.

Answer 17

Metencephalon.

Question 18

which means “bridge” in Latin, form connections between the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum.

Answer 18

Pons

Question 19

means “little brain” in Latin. It actually contains more nerve cells (neuron) than the rest of the brain combined. It processes the sequences and timing of muscle movements

Answer 19

Cerebellum

Question 20

Damage to this part affects skilled movements, including speech production

It is the first brain structure affected by alcohol consumption

Answer 20

Cerebellum

Question 21

It has a dorsal or top half known as the tectum or “roof” and a ventral or bottom half, known as the tegmentum, or “covering”.

Answer 21

Midbrain or mesencephalon.

Question 22

The ———— are cell bodies called periaqueductal gray which play an important role in our perception of pain.

Answer 22

cerebral aqueduct

Question 23

There are a lot of receptors in the ———— that respond to opiates such as morphine and heroin

Answer 23

periaqueductal gray

Question 24

The ——— It contains the most advanced and most recently evolved structures of the brain

divides again later in embryological development like the hindbrain. The two divisions are the Diencephalon and the Telencephalon.

Answer 24

Forebrain.

Question 25

contains the thalamus and hypothalamus which are located at the midline just above the mesencephalon or midbrain. Connecting the cerebrum and the brain stem

Answer 25

Diencephalon

Question 26

The ------------ contains the bulk of the symmetrical left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 26

telencephalon

Question 27

The upper part of the diencephalon consists of the --------

Answer 27

thalamus

Question 28

Inputs from most of our sensory systems happen on the-------- which then forwards the information on to the cerebral cortex for further processing.

Answer 28

thalamus,

Question 29

Aside from the role of--------- in sensation, it is also involved with states of arousal and consciousness. is also involved in learning and memory

Answer 29

thalamus

Question 30

Just below the thalamus is the ----------- which is the major regulatory center for eating, drinking, sex, biorhythms, heart rate, blood pressure and temperature control. is a collection of nuclei

Answer 30

hypothalamus

Question 31

The brain depends on the ----------- to perceive the outside world and tell the body to carry out its commands.

Answer 31

peripheral nervous system

Question 32

its role is to carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain and bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.

Answer 32

peripheral nervous system

Question 33

It contains three structural divisions: the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

peripheral nervous system

Question 34

There are 12 pairs of this nerves that enter and exit the brain directly to serve the region of the head and neck.

Answer 34

The Cranial Nerves

Question 35

. There are 31 pairs of these nerves that exit the spinal cord to provide sensory and motor control of the body, arms, and legs.

Answer 35

The Spinal Nerves

Question 36

Each of this nerve is known as mixed nerve because it contains a sensory or afferent nerve (toward the CNS) and motor, or efferent nerve (away from the CNS). The mixed nerves travel together to the part of the body they serve.

Answer 36

spinal nerve

Question 37

. It was first described as “cells and fibers that pass to tissues other than the skeletal muscles” (Langley, 1921). The heart, lungs, digestive system and other organs are commanded by this

Answer 37

Autonomic nervous system

Question 38

Through specialized training in-----------, people learn to control a lot of autonomic functions such as lowering blood pressure and reducing blood flow to the brain to avoid migraine headaches. But once they shift attention the effect may not last.

Answer 38

biofeedback

Question 39

Many ---------- are carried out with the assistance of autonomic neurons. These include respiration, pupil dilation, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, and genital responses.

Answer 39

reflexive behaviors

Question 40

----------- is divided into two parts, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Answer 40

autonomic nervous system .

Question 41

--------- is typically activated by internal stimuli like the arrival of food in the digestive system.

Answer 41

parasympathetic division

Question 42

----------- is activated by external environmental cues like sensing of danger.

Answer 42

sympathetic nervous system

Question 43

prepares the body for action and designed to cope with emergencies. Humans either run or fight when dealing with emergencies. Therefore, it is known as our fight or flight system.

Answer 43

sympathetic nervous system

Question 44

is widely distributed throughout the brain and is particularly involved with systems mediating movement, reinforcement, and planning.

Answer 44

Dopamine

Question 45

-------------------------------------------- provide an important modulation of motor activity. This pathway appears to be particularly damaged in cases of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 45

Projections from the substantia nigra of the midbrain to the basal ganglia of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 46

The participates in feelings of reward, and it plays an important role in addiction

Answer 46

mesolimbic system

Question 47

------- and ---------- were formerly referred to as adrenalin and noradrenalin,

Answer 47

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 48

We continue to refer to neurons releasing epinephrine as ------------- and those releasing norepinephrine as ------------------

Answer 48

adrenergic and noradrenergic.

Question 49

“adrenalin rush” we associate with stress actually results from the release of ------------ from the adrenal glands located above the kidneys in the lower back into the blood supply.

Answer 49

epinephrine

Question 50

“adrenalin rush” we associate with stress actually results from the release of ------------ from the adrenal glands located above the kidneys in the lower back into the blood supply.

Answer 50

epinephrine

Question 51

Neurons that secrete norepinephrine are found in the -------,------, and -------

Answer 51

pons, medulla, and hypothalamus.

Question 52

Produced in the choroid plexus Bathes the brain and spinal cord while providing shock absorption. Clear, colorless appearance, contains glucose 500-700ml produced daily but only 150 ml. is circulating

Answer 52

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 53

Vital reflex centers within the medulla: Cardiac centers – Vasomotor centers – Respiratory centers – Centers for vomiting, sneezing, coughing, & swallowing

Answer 53

control heart rate (PR) control blood pressure (BP) regulate breathing (RR)

Question 54

critical control over vital function like CARDIAC & RESPIRATION ( BREATHING)

Answer 54

Medulla Oblongata

Question 55

pneumotaxic center

Answer 55

Pons

Question 56

Control skeletal muscles to ensure smooth and coordinated muscle movements, equilibrium and posture

Answer 56

cerebellum

Question 57

Cerebelum normal size (equal) pupils - uneven size pupils – damage to mid brain -

Answer 57

Isocoria Anisocoria

Question 58

connects pons and cerebellum - reflex centers involved in vision and hearing

Answer 58

Midbrain or mesencephalon.

Question 59

- relay & processing station for all sensation except the smell - Controls emotion such as unpleasant and pleasantness - Role in arousal and alerting mechanism - Controls rage and fear

Answer 59

Thalamus

Question 60

Acts as a control center for hormone production (pituitary gland)

Answer 60

hypothalamus

Question 61

Acts as a control center for hormone production (pituitary gland)

Answer 61

hypothalamus

Question 62

participates in different kinds of regulatory functions, including blood circulation, secretion, digestion, urination and defecation.

Answer 62

Autonomic nervous system.

Question 63

Regulates & innervates the activities of the internal organs Controls Vital Organ Functions Responsible for maintenance and restoration of internal homeostasis

Answer 63

Autonomic nervous system.

Question 64

Neurons that receive information from our sensory organs (e.g. eye, skin) and transmit this input to the central nervous system are called .

Answer 64

afferent neurons

Question 65

Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called

Answer 65

efferent neurons.

Question 66

a. Controls voluntary motor activity b. Controls personality development c. Higher intellectual (cognitive) functioning d. Brocca’s area – speech center e. Brain center of foresight, abstract thinking , attitude and judgement

Answer 66

Frontal lobe

Question 67

a. Hearing, Taste and Smell b. Long & Short term memory c. Wernicke's area – Gen. interpretative or knowing Gnostic area

Answer 67

2.) Temporal ( seat of MEMORY)

Question 68

a. Spatial discrimination b. Center for recognition of pain (touch-sensation),taste, temperature , pressure and perception of body position in relation to environment ( left and right / Far and Near Perceptions

Answer 68

Parietal lobe

Question 69

– vision, sense of balance

Answer 69

Occipital lobe

Question 70

PERRLA

Answer 70

– (Pupil equally Round , Reactive to light & accommodation)

Question 71

THE coverings or membranes that protect the Brain-

Answer 71

Meninges

Question 72

Meninges Tough, white fibrous connective tissue Subdural space = potential space

Answer 72

Dura Mater = outermost

Question 73

Meninges Thin, delicate, cobweb-like membrane Subarachnoid space Filled with CSF & blood vessels

Answer 73

Arachnoid = Middle

Question 74

Meninges Thin, vascular membrane tightly bound to the brain. Embraces the Brain as a whole

Answer 74

Pia Mater = Innermost

Question 75

Upper motor lesions -loss of voluntary control -Increased muscle tone -Muscle spasticity - no muscle atrophy -hyperactive and abnormal reflexes

Answer 75

Convulsive Seizures

Question 76

-loss of voluntary control -decreased muscle tone -Flaccid muscle paralysis - muscle atrophy -Absent or decreased reflexes

Answer 76

Vegetative Coma

Question 77

Assessment of the Neurologic System 5 categories:

Answer 77

1. Cerebral function- LOC, Mental status 2. Cranial nerves 3. Motor function 4. Sensory function 5. Reflexes