EXPPSYCHAPTER7

Question 1

_____is the variable (antecedent
condition) an experimenter intentionally manipulates.

The ____ of an______are the values of the IV
created by the experimenter.

Answer 1

independent variable (IV)

Levels

Question 2

is the outcome measure the
experimenter uses to assess the change in behavior produced
by the independent variable.

The _____ depends on the value of the
independent variable.

Answer 2

dependent variable

Question 3

_____ specifies the exact meaning of a
variable in an experiment by defining it in terms of observable
operations, procedures, and measurements.
For example, the _____ of anxiety could be in
terms of a test score, withdrawal from a situation, or activation of
the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 3

operational definition

Question 4

_____ assigns items to two or more distinct categories
that can be named using a shared feature but does not measure
their magnitude.
Example: Gender, Hair Color

Answer 4

nominal scale

Question 5

____ measures the magnitude of the dependent
variable using ranks but does not assign precise values.
This scale allows us to make statements about relative speed,
but not precise speed, like a runner’s place in a marathon

Answer 5

ordinal scale

Question 6

____ measures the magnitude of the dependent
variable using equal intervals between values with no absolute
zero point.
Example: degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and Sarnoff and
Zimbardo’s (1961) 0-100 scale.

Answer 6

interval scale

Question 7

____measures the magnitude of the dependent variable
using equal intervals between values and an absolute zero.
This scale allows us to state that 2 meters are twice as long as 1
meter.
Example: distance in meters or time in seconds.

Answer 7

ratio scale

Question 8

_____refers to the consistency of experimental operational
definitions and measured operational definitions.
Example: a bathroom scale should display the same
weight if you measure yourself three times in the same minute.

It is when you are able to replicate a study

Answer 8

Reliability

Question 9

_____is the degree to which observers agree
in their measurement of the behavior.
Example: the degree to which three observers agree when
scoring the same personal essays for optimism.

Answer 9

Interrater reliability

Question 10

____ means the degree to which a person’s
scores are consistent across two or more administrations of a
measurement procedure.
Example: highly correlated scores on the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale-Revised when it is administered twice, 2 weeks
apart.

Answer 10

Test-retest reliability

Question 11

____ measures the degree to which different
parts of an instrument (questionnaire or test) that are designed
to measure the same variable achieve consistent results.

Answer 11

Inter-item reliability

Question 12

____means the operational definition accurately
manipulates the independent variable or measures the
dependent variable.

Answer 12

Validity

Question 13

is the degree to which the validity
of a manipulation or measurement technique is
self-evident. This is the least stringent form of
validity.
For example, using a ruler to measure pupil size.

Answer 13

Face validity

Question 14

____means how accurately a
measurement procedure samples the content
of the dependent variable.
Example: an exam over chapters 1-4 that only
contains questions about chapter 2 has poor
______

Answer 14

Content validity

Question 15

means how accurately a
measurement procedure predicts future
performance.
Example: the ACT has _____ if these
scores are significantly correlated with college
GPA.

Answer 15

Predictive validity

Question 16

_____is how accurately an operational
definition represents a construct.

____is usually verified by comparing the test
to other tests that measure similar qualities to see how
highly correlated the two measures are.
Example: a construct of abusive parents might include their
perception of their neighbors as unfriendly.

Answer 16

Construct validity

Question 17

is the degree to which changes in the dependent
variable across treatment conditions were due to the independent
variable.

______establishes a cause-and-effect relationship
between the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 17

Internal validity

Question 18

occurs when an extraneous variable systematically
changes across the experimental conditions.

Example: a study comparing the effects of meditation and prayer on
blood pressure would be ____ if one group exercised more.

Answer 18

Confounding

Question 19

TYPE OF THREAT

____ occurs when an event outside the experiment threatens
internal validity by changing the dependent variable.
Example: subjects in group A were weighed before lunch while those
in group B were weighed after lunch.

Answer 19

History threat

Question 20

TYPE OF THREAT

is produced when physical or psychological
changes in the subject threaten internal validity by changing the DV.
Example: boredom may increase subject errors on a proofing task

Answer 20

Maturation threat

Question 21

TYPE OF THREAT

occurs when prior exposure to a measurement
procedure affects performance on this measure during the
experiment.
Example: experimental subjects used a blood pressure cuff daily,
while control subjects only used one during a pretest measureme

famiiarity of the subjects to the test being administered

Answer 21

Testing threat

Question 22

TYPE OF THREAT
is when changes in the measurement
instrument or measuring procedure threatens internal validity.
Example: if reaction time measurements became less accurate
during the experimental than the control conditions.

the difference between the time given to answer the questions on group A and group B due to conflict in schedule

Answer 22

Instrumentation threat

Question 23

TYPE OF THREAT
occurs when subjects are assigned
to conditions on the basis of extreme scores, the measurement
procedure is not completely reliable, and subjects are retested
using the same procedure to measure change on the dependent
variable.

Answer 23

Statistical regression threat

Question 24

TYPE OF THREAT
occurs when subjects drop out of
experimental conditions at different rates.
Example: even if subjects in each group started out with comparable
anxiety scores, drop out could produce differences on this variable.

one or some of the respondents withdraw during the procedure

Answer 24

Subject mortality threat

Question 25

_____ occur when a selection threat combines
with at least one other threat (history, maturation, statistical
regression, subject mortality, or testing).

Answer 25

Selection interactions

Question 26

The _____ of an APA research report describes the
Participants, Apparatus or Materials, and Procedure of the
experiment.
This section provides the reader with sufficient detail (who, what,
when, and how) to exactly replicate your study.

Answer 26

Method section

Question 27

___of an APA research report is appropriate
when the equipment used in a study was unique or specialized, or
when we need to explain the capabilities of more common
equipment so that the reader can better evaluate or replicate the
experiment.

Answer 27

Apparatus section