CGSC2 Flashcards
refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behavior
Localization of function
is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us
nervous system
is the region of the brain located toward the top and front of the brain. (gross anatomy of the brain)
It comprises the cerebral cortex. the basal ganglia, the limbic system, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
The forebrain
is important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning. Animals such as fish and reptiles, which have relatively undeveloped ____ respond to the environment almost exclusively by instinct.
limbic system
is involved in anger and fear. (part of the forebrain)
septum
plays an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression (part of the forebrain)
amydala
plays an essential role in memory formation (part of the forebrain)
hippocampus
relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex (part of the forebrain)
thalamus
regulates behavior related to species survival; fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating.
is also active in regulating emotions and reactions to stress.
hypothalamus
helps to control eye movement and coordination. (gross anatomy of the brain)
is more important in nonmammals where it is the main source of control for visual and auditory information.
The midbrain
connects the forebrain to the spinal cord
brainstem
comprises the medulla oblongata, the pons and the cerebellum. (gross anatomy of the brain)
The Hindbrain
control heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion (part of the the hindbrain)
medulla oblongata
serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another (part of the hindbrain)
serves as a bridging function
pons
from Latin meaning little brain
controls bodily coordination, balance, and muslce tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving procedure related movements (part of the hindbrain)
cerebellum
plays an extremely imporatnt role in human cognition.
it forms a 1 to 3 milimeter layer that wraps the surface of the brain somewhat like the bark of a tree wraps around the trunk
cerebral cortex
is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
corpus callosum
a part of the left hemisphere of the brain that is responsible for speech
Broca’s area
patients who could speak but whose speech made no sense they have damage in ____
which contributes to language comprehension
Wernicke’s area
argued that each hemisphere behaves in many respects like a separate brain
Roger Sperry
are people who have undergone operations severing the corpus callosum
split-brain patients
LEFT/RIGHT HEMISPHERE
1) is important not only in languge but also in movement
2) is largely mute; it has little grammatical or phonetic understanding. But it does have very good sematnic knowledge. It is also involved in practice language use.
1)Left
2)Right
What lobe of the brain?
toward the front of the brain, is associated with motor processing and higher thought processes such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgement.
frontal lobe
What lobe of the brain?
at the upper back portion of the brain, is associated with somatosensory processing.
It receives inputs from the neurons regarding touch, pain, temperature sense, limb position, and spatial awareness
pariental lobe
What lobe of the brain?
is directly under your temples.
associated with autditory processing and comprehending languagee.
Involved in retention of visual memories
temporal lobe
What lobe of the brain?
is associated with bisual processing.
contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to anlayze specific aspects of a scene
occipital lobe
known as little person in Latin because they depict the body parts of a person mapped on the brain.
homunculi
receives information from the sense about pressure, texture, temperature and pain.
primary somatosensory cortex
are the areas in the lobes in whic sensroy processing occurs
Projection areas
specializes in the planning, control and execution of movement particularly of movmennt involving any kind of delayed response.
primary motor cortex
Latin words indicate the parts of the brain
1) refers to the front part of the brain (nasal region)
2) refers to the bottom surface of the body/brain (the side of the stomach)
3) literally means “tail” and refers to the back part of the body/brain
4) refers to the upside down of the brain
1) Rostal
2) Ventral
3) Caudal
4) Dorsal
these transmit electral signals from one location to another in the nervous system
neurons
Neurons basic parts
contains the nucleus of the cell
the center portion that performs metabolic and reproductive functions
soma
Neurons basic parts
are branch like structure that receive information from other neurons
dendrites
Neurons basic parts
is a long, thin, tube that extends and sometimes splits from the soma and responds to the information when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal
axon
Neurons basic parts
Is a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axon of the nervous system, which accounds for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain
myelin
are small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
are small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon
terminal buttons
serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons.
synapse
are chemical messengers for transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron
neurotranmitters
Neurotransmitters
is associated with memory functions and the loss of ____through alzeimher’s disease
leads to impaired memory functioning of alzeimher’s patients
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters
is associated with attention, learning, and movment coordination
involved in motivational processes such as reward or reinforce
very high in this results to schizoprenia
very low in this results to parkinson’s disease
dopamine
Neurotransmitters
plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation
serotonin
methods the scientists use for studying the human brain
1)Latin means after the death
2)Latin means living
1) Postmorterm
2) vIvo
Three types of chemical substances are involved in
neurotransmission:
The ____, each of which is synthesized by
the nervous system through enzymatic actions on one of the amino
acids (constituents of proteins, such as choline, tyrosine, and
tryptophan) in our diet (e.g., acetylcholine, dopamine, and
serotonin);
monoamine neurotransmitters
Three types of chemical substances are involved in
neurotransmission:
which are obtained directly from the
amino acids in our diet without further synthesis (e.g., gamma-
aminobutyric acid, or GABA); and
Amino-acid neurotransmitters,
Three types of chemical substances are involved in
neurotransmission:
which are peptide chains (molecules made from the
parts of two or more amino acids).
Neuropeptides,
(the damage done from a
particular overdose)
acute toxicity
(the damage done by long-term drug
addiction)
chronic toxicity
occupies opiate receptors in
the brain better than the opiates
themselves occupy those sites; thus, it
blocks all effects of narcotics.
Naloxone
In _____, ____
often is substituted for the narcotic
(typically, heroin). _____binds to
endorphin receptor sites in a similar
way to naloxone and reduces the
heroin cravings and withdrawal
symptoms of addicted persons
narcotic detoxification
methadone
Electrical Recordings
are recordings of the
electrical frequencies and intensities of the living brain,
typically recorded over relatively long periods
Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
is the record of a small
change in the brain’s electrical activity in response to a
stimulating event.
ectrical Recordings
event-related potential (ERP)
Static Imaging Techniques
, a
technique for revealing high resolution images of the structure of the living brain by computing and analyzing magnetic changes in the energy of the orbits of nuclear particles in the molecules of the body.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
rely on changes that
take place within the brain as a result of increased
consumption of glucose and oxygen in active areas of
the brain. The basic idea is that active areas in the
brain consume more glucose and oxygen than do
inactive areas during some tasks.
Metabolic imaging techniques
___ is a brain disorder caused by a
____. ____ occur when the flow of blood to
the brain undergoes a sudden disruption. People
who experience ____typically show marked loss
of cognitive functioning.
Vascular disorder
stroke
, also called neoplasms ,
can affect cognitive functioning in very
serious ways. ____can occur in
either the gray or white matter of the
brain. ____ of the white matter are
more common
Brain tumors
, the skull remains intact
but there is damage to the brain, typically from
the mechanical force of a blow to the head.
Slamming one’s head against a windshieldin a car
accident might result in such an injury.
closed-head injuries
, the skull does not remain
intact but rather is penetrated, for example, by a
bullet.
open-head injuries
