EXPPSY3 Flashcards
are used in situations in which an
experiment is not practical or desirable.
They are used where experiments are not possible, or where we want
to test hypotheses in realistic conditions.
These methods use to study behaviors in natural setting, to explore
unique or rare occurrence, or to sample personal information.
Nonexperimental approaches
The degree to which a research design allows us to make causal
statements is called
An experiment of researchers has ____ when we can
demonstrate that only the antecedent conditions are responsible for
group differences in behavior.
allows us to draw cause-and-effect
conclusions.
internal validity.
is the degree to which research findings
can be generalized to other settings and individuals.
When observations can be generalized to other settings and
other people, they are high in ____
External validity
The ___
concerns assignment of subjects to antecedent conditions
created for the experiment. (it varies from low-high)
E.g., A study of children’s nutrition could involve simply tracking
behavior along with subjects’ normal diets. (low manipulation)
Or at the other extreme
We could place subjects on fixed diets where all meals are provided
(high manipulation)
degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions
The ____ is an equally important dimension.
This term refers to the extent to which the researcher constrains, or
limits, the responses a subject may contribute to the data.
E.g. In a study of teenagers, we might simply observe a group of teenagers and
record they whatever they say or do. (low imposition)
Instead, suppose that researchers are interested only in a single behavior, such as
Kdrama experiences.
degree of imposition of units
Five common nonexperimental designs
is the description of an individual’s immediate
experience. Rather than looking at behaviors and events that are
external to us, we begin with personal experience as a source of
data.
is low in manipulation of antecedent conditions and
low in imposition of units (low-low).
cannot be used to understand the causes of
behavior. It describes but cannot explain.
Phenomenology
Five common nonexperimental designs
In ____, a researcher compiles a descriptive study of a
subject’s experiences, observable behaviors, and archival records
kept by an outside observer.
One of the oldest qualitative research and it is an in-depth study of
one or more individuals, groups, social settings, or events in the hope
of revealing things that are true to all of us.
Provides a method to study rare phenomena
range from low-low to low-high.
case studies
are recollections of past events that are collected
in the present.
While your childhood memories constitute ________your
undergraduate portfolio does not since it was collected in the past.
Retrospective data
examines subjects’ spontaneous behavior
in their actual environments and may obtain more representative
behavior than experiments.
researchers attempt to
remain inconspicuous. Whether the subjects of the observations are
animal or human, every attempt is made to keep the setting as
natural as possible so that the naturally occurring events will not be
altered in anyway.
Naturalistic observation
Five common nonexperimental designs
are nonexperimental studies conducted in the field
(real-life settings). The experimenter does not manipulate
antecedent conditions.
range from low-low to low-high.
nclude observational studies, child development,
market research, and studies of organizations.
Field studies
, subjects alter their behavior when they know that they
are being observed.
reactivity
Many times, behavior indicators can be observed without the
subject’s knowledge; such indicators are called
unobtrusive
measures.
A ____ involves field observation in which the
researcher is part of the studied group.
Sometimes this is the only method that can be used to study a group
– particularly if the group would not reasonably be expected to
cooperate voluntarily with a research investigation.
participant-observer study
An ______ is a descriptive method where researchers
reexamine data that were collected for other purposes.
Vast amount of data are collected by government and private
agencies, hospitals, businesses, schools, institutes, etc.
For example, universities collect a wealth of data through surveys like
the Graduating Senior Questionnaire (GSQ) and interviews.
archival study
____ relies on words rather than numbers for the
data being collected.
This information is obtained through self-reports, personal narratives,
and expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts.
Qualitative research
