CGSC

Question 1

seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elemtents) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their consituent components (affection, attention, memory, sensation, etc.)

Answer 1

Structuralism

Question 2

dialectically synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have their place

Answer 2

Immanuel Kant

Question 3

believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge throught empirical observation

tabula rasa (blank slate)

Answer 3

John Locke

Question 4

viewed the intrspective reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth. The famous expresssion “cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am) stems from him.

He maintained that the only proof of his existence is that he was thinking and doubting.

Answer 4

Rene Descartes

Question 5

was an empiricist

believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence - that is we obtain evidence through experience and observation

Answer 5

Aristotle

Question 6

was a rationalist

believes that the rout to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. That is a rationalist does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge.

would appeal to reason as a source of knowledge

Answer 6

Plato

Question 7

seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter primarily through empirical (observation-based) methods.

Answer 7

Physiology

Question 8

seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences (from intro-inwards, within” and -spect “look”)

Answer 8

Philosophy

Question 9

integrates the most credible features of each of two (or more) views. For example, in the debate over nature versus nurture, the interaction between our innate (inborn) nature and environmental nurture may govern human nature.

Answer 9

Synthesis

Question 10

is a statement that counters a previous statement of belief. For example, an alternative view is that our nurture (the environmental context in which we are reared) almost entirely determines many aspects of human behavior

Answer 10

antithesis

Question 11

is a statement of belief

Answer 11

thesis

Question 12

is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time throught a pattern of transformation

Answer 12

dialectic

Question 13

using this heuristic, we make judgements on the basis of how easily we can call to mind what we percieve as relevant instances of a phenomenon

Answer 13

availability heuristic

Question 14

is the study of how people percieve, learn, remember, and think about information

Answer 14

cognitive psychology

Question 15

our ability to focus on one out of many voices is one of the most striking phenomenais cognitive psychology, and is know as the ___

Answer 15

“cocktail party effect”

Question 16

contributed to the idea of structuralism
founder of structuralism

Answer 16

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 17

One of the methods of Wilhelm Wundt
is a deliberate looking inwards at pieces of information passing throught consciousness

Answer 17

introspection

Question 18

suggested that psychologist should fosuc on the processes of thought rather than on its contents.

seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.

study the processes of how and why the mind words as it does

Answer 18

Functionalism

Question 19

believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness

Answer 19

Pragmatism

Question 20

the proponent of functionalism

has a book entitled Principles of Psychology

Answer 20

William James

Question 21

was another early pragmatist who profoundly influenced contemporary thinking in cognitive psychology

is remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and schooling

Answer 21

John Dewey

Question 22

examines how elements of the mind like events, or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning

Answer 22

Associationism

Question 23

ASSOCIATION MAY RESULT FROM:
associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time

Answer 23

contiguity

Question 24

ASSOCIATION MAY RESULT FROM:
associating things with similar features or properties

Answer 24

similarities

Question 25

ASSOCIATION MAY RESULT FROM: associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night

Answer 25

contrast

Question 26

was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically proposed the idea of rehearsal - the conscious repetition of material to be learned

Answer 26

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 27

Another associationist held that the role of "satisfaction" is the key to forming associations a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.

Answer 27

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 28

focuses only on the relation between observale behavior and environmental events or stimuli

Answer 28

Behaviorism

Question 29

A nobel prize winning physiologist He began with the observation that dogs salivated in response to the sight of the lab technician who fed them (classical conditioning learning/behaviorism)

Answer 29

Ivan Pavlov

Question 30

Known as the father of radical behaviorism he believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior. He dismissed thinking as nothing more than subvocalized speech. shifting the emphasis of experimental research from human to animal participants.

Answer 30

John Watson

Question 31

a radical behaviorist believed that virtually all forms of human behavior not just learning could be explaned by behavior emitted in reaction to the environment. operant conditioning - involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcements (rewards) or punishments.

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner

Question 32

Behaviorists regarded the mind as a ____ that is best understood in terms of its input and output but whose internal processes cannot be accurately described because they are not observable.

Answer 32

block box

Question 33

thought that understanding behavior required taking into account the purpose of and the plan for, the behavior believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal forefather of modern cognitive psychology

Answer 33

Edward Tolman

Question 34

noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct rewards for behavior, but it also can be social, resulting from observations of the rewards or punishments given to others. Emphasizes how we observe and model our own behavior after the behavior of others.

Answer 34

Albert Bandura

Question 35

states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes. the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Answer 35

Gestalt Psychology

Question 36

is the belief that mushc of human behavior can be understood in terms o fo how people think. It rejects the notion that psychologists should avoid studying mental processes because they are unobservable the synthesis of Gestalt and behaviorism

Answer 36

Cognitivism

Question 37

brashly challenged the behaviorists view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies considered the brain to be an active, dynamic, organizer of behavior

Answer 37

Karl Spencer Lashley

Question 38

proposed the concept of cell assemblies -are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation. They develop over time as the ability of one neuron to stimulate firing in a connected neuron increases

Answer 38

Donald Hebb

Question 39

Suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans. a test by which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable by humans from the output of humans

Answer 39

Turing Test

Question 40

is the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence, and particularly the intelligent processing of information

Answer 40

Artificial Intelligence

Question 41

is a theory which sought to understand people's behavior in terms of how they process the kinds of bits of information by computers.

Answer 41

Information Theory

Question 42

he noted that the number seven appeared in many different places in cognitive psychology "the magic number seven" introduced the idea of channel capacity - the upper limit with which an observer can math a response to information given to him or her. Ex: if you can remember seven digits present to you sequentially, your channel capacity for remembering digits is 7

Answer 42

George miller

Question 43

is the study of how poeple learn, structure, store, and use knowledge

Answer 43

Cognitive Psychology

Question 44

he popularized the concept of the modularity of the mind the mind has distinct modules or special purpose systems, to deal with linguistic and possible other kinds of information

Answer 44

Jerry Fodor

Question 45

he believed that the patter of bumps and swells on the skull was directly associated with one's pattern of cognitive skills (phrenology)

Answer 45

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 46

is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.

Answer 46

Intelligence

Question 47

refers to the people's understanding and control of their own thinking process

Answer 47

metacognition

Question 48

this term is used to describe a person's ability to adapt ot a variety of challenges in diverse culture

Answer 48

Culutral Intelligence CQ

Question 49

according to this model, intelligence comprises a hierarchy of cognitive abilities comprising three strata Stratum 1 - includes many narrow specific abilities (spelling ability, speed of reasoning) Stratum 2 - includes various broad abilities (fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory etc) Stratum 3 - is just a single general intelligence (sometimes call g)

Answer 49

Three-Stratum Model Of Intelligence

Question 50

is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems

Answer 50

Fluid ability

Question 51

is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary

Answer 51

Crystallized ability

Question 52

he proposed the theory of multiple intellengences intelligence comprises of multiple independent constructs not just a single, unitary construct.

Answer 52

Howard Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Question 53

a theory that states that intelligence comprises three aspects (creative, analytical, and practical) creative abilities - are used to generate novel ideas analytical abilities - ascertain whether your ideas (and those of others) are good ones. practical abilities - are used to implement the ideas and persuade otherse of their value

Answer 53

Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Question 54

is an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations

Answer 54

theory

Question 55

a tentative proposal regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory such as the outcomes of research

Answer 55

hypothesis

Question 56

psychologists who study cognitive processes with reaction time often use the ________ which involves estimating the time a cognitive process takes by subtracting the amount of time information processing takes with the process from the time it takes without the process

Answer 56

subtraction method

Question 57

indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance were factors were in operation

Answer 57

statistical significance

Question 58

are individually manipulated or carefully regulated by the experimenter

Answer 58

independent variable

Question 59

are outcome responses the values of which depend on how one or more independent variables influence or affect the participants in the experiment

Answer 59

dependent variable

Question 60

these are irrelevant variables that are held constat are called _____

Answer 60

control variables

Question 61

is a type of irrelevant variable that has been left uncontrolled in a study

Answer 61

confounding variable

Question 62

investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures.

Answer 62

psychobiological research

Question 63

METHODS THAT COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS USE 1) An individual's own account of cognitive processes 2) in-depth studies of individuals 3) detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts

Answer 63

1) self-reports 2) case studies 3) naturalistic observation

Question 64

is a cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and mthods from cognitive psychology, psychobiology,artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguisticsm and anthropology

Answer 64

Cognitive science