CGSC Flashcards
seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elemtents) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their consituent components (affection, attention, memory, sensation, etc.)
Structuralism
dialectically synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have their place
Immanuel Kant
believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge throught empirical observation
tabula rasa (blank slate)
John Locke
viewed the intrspective reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth. The famous expresssion “cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am) stems from him.
He maintained that the only proof of his existence is that he was thinking and doubting.
Rene Descartes
was an empiricist
believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence - that is we obtain evidence through experience and observation
Aristotle
was a rationalist
believes that the rout to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. That is a rationalist does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge.
would appeal to reason as a source of knowledge
Plato
seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter primarily through empirical (observation-based) methods.
Physiology
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences (from intro-inwards, within” and -spect “look”)
Philosophy
integrates the most credible features of each of two (or more) views. For example, in the debate over nature versus nurture, the interaction between our innate (inborn) nature and environmental nurture may govern human nature.
Synthesis
is a statement that counters a previous statement of belief. For example, an alternative view is that our nurture (the environmental context in which we are reared) almost entirely determines many aspects of human behavior
antithesis
is a statement of belief
thesis
is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time throught a pattern of transformation
dialectic
using this heuristic, we make judgements on the basis of how easily we can call to mind what we percieve as relevant instances of a phenomenon
availability heuristic
is the study of how people percieve, learn, remember, and think about information
cognitive psychology
our ability to focus on one out of many voices is one of the most striking phenomenais cognitive psychology, and is know as the ___
“cocktail party effect”
contributed to the idea of structuralism
founder of structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
One of the methods of Wilhelm Wundt
is a deliberate looking inwards at pieces of information passing throught consciousness
introspection
suggested that psychologist should fosuc on the processes of thought rather than on its contents.
seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.
study the processes of how and why the mind words as it does
Functionalism
believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness
Pragmatism
the proponent of functionalism
has a book entitled Principles of Psychology
William James
was another early pragmatist who profoundly influenced contemporary thinking in cognitive psychology
is remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and schooling
John Dewey
examines how elements of the mind like events, or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
Associationism
ASSOCIATION MAY RESULT FROM:
associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time
contiguity
ASSOCIATION MAY RESULT FROM:
associating things with similar features or properties
similarities
ASSOCIATION MAY RESULT FROM:
associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night
contrast
was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically
proposed the idea of rehearsal - the conscious repetition of material to be learned
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Another associationist
held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations
a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.
Edward Lee Thorndike
focuses only on the relation between observale behavior and environmental events or stimuli
Behaviorism
A nobel prize winning physiologist
He began with the observation that dogs salivated in response to the sight of the lab technician who fed them (classical conditioning learning/behaviorism)
Ivan Pavlov
Known as the father of radical behaviorism
he believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior. He dismissed thinking as nothing more than subvocalized speech.
shifting the emphasis of experimental research from human to animal participants.
John Watson
a radical behaviorist
believed that virtually all forms of human behavior not just learning could be explaned by behavior emitted in reaction to the environment.
operant conditioning - involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcements (rewards) or punishments.
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorists regarded the mind as a ____ that is best understood in terms of its input and output but whose internal processes cannot be accurately described because they are not observable.
block box
thought that understanding behavior required taking into account the purpose of and the plan for, the behavior
believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal
forefather of modern cognitive psychology
Edward Tolman
noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct rewards for behavior, but it also can be social, resulting from observations of the rewards or punishments given to others.
Emphasizes how we observe and model our own behavior after the behavior of others.
Albert Bandura
states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes.
the whole is more than the sum of its parts
Gestalt Psychology
is the belief that mushc of human behavior can be understood in terms o fo how people think.
It rejects the notion that psychologists should avoid studying mental processes because they are unobservable
the synthesis of Gestalt and behaviorism
Cognitivism
brashly challenged the behaviorists view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies
considered the brain to be an active, dynamic, organizer of behavior
Karl Spencer Lashley
proposed the concept of cell assemblies -are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation. They develop over time as the ability of one neuron to stimulate firing in a connected neuron increases
Donald Hebb
Suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans.
a test by which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable by humans from the output of humans
Turing Test
is the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence, and particularly the intelligent processing of information
Artificial Intelligence
is a theory which sought to understand people’s behavior in terms of how they process the kinds of bits of information by computers.
Information Theory
he noted that the number seven appeared in many different places in cognitive psychology
“the magic number seven”
introduced the idea of channel capacity - the upper limit with which an observer can math a response to information given to him or her. Ex: if you can remember seven digits present to you sequentially, your channel capacity for remembering digits is 7
George miller
is the study of how poeple learn, structure, store, and use knowledge
Cognitive Psychology
he popularized the concept of the modularity of the mind
the mind has distinct modules or special purpose systems, to deal with linguistic and possible other kinds of information
Jerry Fodor
he believed that the patter of bumps and swells on the skull was directly associated with one’s pattern of cognitive skills (phrenology)
Franz Joseph Gall
is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.
Intelligence
refers to the people’s understanding and control of their own thinking process
metacognition
this term is used to describe a person’s ability to adapt ot a variety of challenges in diverse culture
Culutral Intelligence CQ
according to this model, intelligence comprises a hierarchy of cognitive abilities comprising three strata
Stratum 1 - includes many narrow specific abilities (spelling ability, speed of reasoning)
Stratum 2 - includes various broad abilities (fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory etc)
Stratum 3 - is just a single general intelligence (sometimes call g)
Three-Stratum Model Of Intelligence
is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems
Fluid ability
is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary
Crystallized ability
he proposed the theory of multiple intellengences
intelligence comprises of multiple independent constructs not just a single, unitary construct.
Howard Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligence
a theory that states that intelligence comprises three aspects (creative, analytical, and practical)
creative abilities - are used to generate novel ideas
analytical abilities - ascertain whether your ideas (and those of others) are good ones.
practical abilities - are used to implement the ideas and persuade otherse of their value
Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
is an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations
theory
a tentative proposal regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory such as the outcomes of research
hypothesis
psychologists who study cognitive processes with reaction time often use the ________ which involves estimating the time a cognitive process takes by subtracting the amount of time information processing takes with the process from the time it takes without the process
subtraction method
indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance were factors were in operation
statistical significance
are individually manipulated or carefully regulated by the experimenter
independent variable
are outcome responses the values of which depend on how one or more independent variables influence or affect the participants in the experiment
dependent variable
these are irrelevant variables that are held constat are called _____
control variables
is a type of irrelevant variable that has been left uncontrolled in a study
confounding variable
investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures.
psychobiological research
METHODS THAT COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS USE
1) An individual’s own account of cognitive processes
2) in-depth studies of individuals
3) detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts
1) self-reports
2) case studies
3) naturalistic observation
is a cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and mthods from cognitive psychology, psychobiology,artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguisticsm and anthropology
Cognitive science
