CGPSYM6 Flashcards
- problems have clear paths to solutions. These problems also are termed well-defined problems.
Ex Typical Mathematical questions (“How do you find the area of a parallelogram?”)
Well-Structured Problems
- is the universe of all possible actions that can be applied to solving a problem, given any constraints that apply to the solution of the problem.
*Problem Space
is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgements quickly and efficiently.
*Heuristics –
- sequences of operations that may be repeated over and over again and that, in theory, guarantee the solution to a problem.
Algorithms
- refer to the problems with the same solution procedure or structure. Sometimes, two problems are____; that is, their formal structure is the same, and only their content differs.
Isomorphic Problems
-There are no clear, readily available paths to solution.
problems do not have well-defined problem spaces. These problems are also termed ill-defined problems.
Eg. Two-string problem
III-Structured Problems
- is a distinctive and sometimes seemingly sudden understanding of a problem or of a strategy that aids in solving the problem.
Insight
- Involves insights that go beyond the bounds of existing associations.
Productive Thinking
- which is based on existing associations involving what is already known.
Reproductive Thinking
- Insight is merely an extension of ordinary perceiving, recognizing, learning, and conceiving.
The Nothing-Special View
- According to this view, insights are of three kinds. The three kinds correspond to three different processes: selective encoding, selective comparison, and selective combination.
The Three-Process View
The Three-Process View
- involve distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information. * _____ is the process in which we select the information that is important for our purposes and at the same time, we filter out the unimportant or irrelevant information
Selective Encoding Insights
The Three-Process View
- involve novel perceptions of how new information relates to old information.
Selective Comparison Insights
involve taking selectively encoded and compared snippets of relevant information and combining that information in a novel, productive way.
Selective-combination insights
- involves developing rich, highly organized schemas.
Schematization
- involves consolidating sequences of steps into unified routines that require little or no conscious control.
Automatization
-a frame of mind involving an existing model for representing a problem, a problem context, or a procedure for problem solving.
Mental Sets (entrenchment)
-is the inability to realize that something known to have a particular use may also be used for performing other functions *
prevents us from solving new problems by using old tools in novel ways.
Functional Fixedness
- beliefs that members of a social group tend more or less uniformly to have particular types of characteristics.
Stereotypes
carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another.
Transfer -
- occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it harder to solve a later one
Negative transfer
– occurs when the solution of an earlier problem makes it easier to solve a new problem.
Positive transfer
The process of producing “something” that is both original and worthwhile.
Creativity
Searching for Analogies - In looking for analogies, we need to be careful not to be misled by associations between two things that are analogically irrelevant
Intentional Transfer:
- people see analogies where they do not exist because of similarity of content.
Transparency
- putting the problem aside for a while without consciously thinking about it. *offers one way in which to minimize negative transfer. It involves taking a pause from the stages of problem solving
Incubation