CGPSYM6

Question 1

• problems have clear paths to solutions. These problems also are termed well-defined problems.

Ex Typical Mathematical questions (“How do you find the area of a parallelogram?”)

Answer 1

Well-Structured Problems

Question 2

• is the universe of all possible actions that can be applied to solving a problem, given any constraints that apply to the solution of the problem.

Answer 2

*Problem Space

Question 3

is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgements quickly and efficiently.

Answer 3

*Heuristics –

Question 4

• sequences of operations that may be repeated over and over again and that, in theory, guarantee the solution to a problem.

Answer 4

Algorithms

Question 5

• refer to the problems with the same solution procedure or structure. Sometimes, two problems are____; that is, their formal structure is the same, and only their content differs.

Answer 5

Isomorphic Problems

Question 6

-There are no clear, readily available paths to solution.

problems do not have well-defined problem spaces. These problems are also termed ill-defined problems.
Eg. Two-string problem

Answer 6

III-Structured Problems

Question 7

• is a distinctive and sometimes seemingly sudden understanding of a problem or of a strategy that aids in solving the problem.

Answer 7

Insight

Question 8

• Involves insights that go beyond the bounds of existing associations.

Answer 8

Productive Thinking

Question 9

• which is based on existing associations involving what is already known.

Answer 9

Reproductive Thinking

Question 10

• Insight is merely an extension of ordinary perceiving, recognizing, learning, and conceiving.

Answer 10

The Nothing-Special View

Question 11

• According to this view, insights are of three kinds. The three kinds correspond to three different processes: selective encoding, selective comparison, and selective combination.

Answer 11

The Three-Process View

Question 12

The Three-Process View

• involve distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information. * _____ is the process in which we select the information that is important for our purposes and at the same time, we filter out the unimportant or irrelevant information

Answer 12

Selective Encoding Insights

Question 13

The Three-Process View

• involve novel perceptions of how new information relates to old information.

Answer 13

Selective Comparison Insights

Question 14

involve taking selectively encoded and compared snippets of relevant information and combining that information in a novel, productive way.

Answer 14

Selective-combination insights

Question 15

• involves developing rich, highly organized schemas.

Answer 15

Schematization

Question 16

• involves consolidating sequences of steps into unified routines that require little or no conscious control.

Answer 16

Automatization

Question 17

-a frame of mind involving an existing model for representing a problem, a problem context, or a procedure for problem solving.

Answer 17

Mental Sets (entrenchment)

Question 18

-is the inability to realize that something known to have a particular use may also be used for performing other functions *

prevents us from solving new problems by using old tools in novel ways.

Answer 18

Functional Fixedness

Question 19

• beliefs that members of a social group tend more or less uniformly to have particular types of characteristics.

Answer 19

Stereotypes

Question 20

carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another.

Answer 20

Transfer -

Question 21

• occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it harder to solve a later one

Answer 21

Negative transfer

Question 22

– occurs when the solution of an earlier problem makes it easier to solve a new problem.

Answer 22

Positive transfer

Question 23

The process of producing “something” that is both original and worthwhile.

Answer 23

Creativity

Question 24

Searching for Analogies - In looking for analogies, we need to be careful not to be misled by associations between two things that are analogically irrelevant

Answer 24

Intentional Transfer:

Question 25

• people see analogies where they do not exist because of similarity of content.

Answer 25

Transparency

Question 26

• putting the problem aside for a while without consciously thinking about it. *offers one way in which to minimize negative transfer. It involves taking a pause from the stages of problem solving

Answer 26

Incubation