BPQUALIFYING Flashcards
sum of all biological process by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.
Heredity -
- units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.
Genes
- how humans adapt and respond to environmental stimuli in order to survive based on physical and psychological make-up
Evolution
- The idea that those heritable traits that are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely to be passed on to future generations.
Natural selection
- the study of genetics and environmental influences on behaviors
- has the primary goal to investigate the nature and orgins of individual differences in behavior.
Behavioral Genetics
- manner of conducting oneself
- anything that an organism does in response to a stimulant
-subject to change based on situation
Behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
visible type of behavior
Overt behavior -
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- type of behaviors that are not visible
Covert behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- depends on human want.
Voluntary behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- occurs naturally and without thinking
Involuntary behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- one that is not innate, instinctive, occurs only after experience or practice.
Learned behavior
- distinguishing characteristics
-specific characteristsics of an individual - can be determined by genes. environmental factors or by a combination of both.
- inherent and remains stable overtime
Traits
WHAT KIND OF TRAITS
- your height, weight, size, shape, or another bodily characteristics
Physical traits
WHAT KIND OF TRAITS
describes how a person tends to think, feel, and behave on an ongoing basis.
Personality traits-
- the most complex part of the body
- this trhree pound organ is the seat of intelligence, interpreter of the senses, initiator of body movement, and controller of behavior.
Brain
- what makes your bodies big decisions. Known as the command center
Central Nervous System
- composed of scout-like sensory neurons that gather information and report it back to the central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
Parts of Peripheral Nervous System
- controls voluntary muscles, and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system
Somatic
Parts of Peripheral Nervous System
- control involuntary muscles
Sympathetic - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - rest and digest
Autonomic -
Parts of the brain
- located at the forebrain
- non-verbal learning and memory, the perception of time and modulating motions, it control voluntary movement.
Cerebellum
Parts of the brain
- located at the brain stem
- the top part of the brain stem, crucial for regulating eye movements
Midbrain
Parts of the brain
- the middle portion of the brainstem, coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance
Pons
Parts of the brain
the bottom part of the brainstem helps regulate your breathing, heart rhythms, blood pressure, and swallowing
Medulla Oblongata -
Parts of the brain
- keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Parts of the brain
- information relay station, takes in sensory information related to seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting.
Thalamus
Parts of the brain
- acts as memory indexer, sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary.
Hippocampus
What lobe of the brain?
understanding language (Wernicke’s area), memory, hearing, sequencing and organization
Temporal lobe-
What lobe of the brain?
- interprets vision (color, light, movement)
Occipital lobe
What lobe of the brain?
- interprets language, words, sense of touch, pain, temperature, interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory.
Parietal lobe
What lobe of the brain?
- personality, behavior, emotions, judgement, planning, problem solving, speech (speaking and writing -> broca’s area), body movement, intelligence, concentration, self awareness
Frontal lobe
- is the center of our emotions, leaning, and memory. Included in this system are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala, (emotional reactions), and hippocampus (memory)
Limbic system
- made up of all the body’s different hormones, regulates all the biological processes in the body from conception to adulthood and into old age, the growth and function of the reproductive system, metabolism and blood sugar levels.
Endocrine system
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
affects an individual’s ability to control emotions, impulses, and behavior, or may cause difficulty recalling events or speaking.
Frontal lobe-
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
have trouble with their five primary senses.
parietal lobe-
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
-leads individuals to demonstrate difficult with communication or memory.
temporal lobe
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
- leas to trouble seeing or perceiving the size and shape of objects.
Occipital lobe
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain? specific part)
affects balance, movement, and coordination
Cerebellum -
Injuries of the left/right side of the brain may cause:
Difficulties understanding langauge (receptive language)
Diffiultes in speaking or verbal outpur (expressive language)
Catastrophic reactions (depression, anxiety)
Difficulty speaking
Impaired logic
Sequencing difficulties
decreased control over right sided body movements
left
Injuries of the left/right side of the brain may cause:
visual-spatial impairment
-visual memory deficits
-left neglect (inattention to the left side of the body)
-decreased awarenessof deficits
-altered creativity and music perception
-loss of the “big picture” type of thinking
decreased control over legt-sided body movements.
right
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
damage to this part could affect a person’s fear processing (especially in being unable to recognize fearful situations) which could result in more risk-taking behaviors and putting themselves in dangerous situations
Amygdala -
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
- damage to this part may lead to deficits in being able to learn anything new, as well as affecting memory
hippocampus
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
- damage to his part can affect the production of certain hormones, including those which aca affect mood and emotion
Hypothalamus
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
- damage to this part can result in tremors, involuntary muscle movements, abnormal posture, and links to movement disorders (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease)
Basal ganglia
Some cognitive disorders that are connected to the limbic system:
Depression
Olfactory impairments
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Autism spectrum conditions
Alzheimer’s disease
Movement disorders - Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease
Some cognitive disorders that are connected to the limbic system:
Depression
Olfactory impairments
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Autism spectrum conditions
Alzheimer’s disease
Movement disorders - Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease
Damage to endocrine system
- when the adrenal glands don’t make enough hormones results in fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, vomiting, and dehydration, and can be life threating if not treated
Adrenal insufficiency
Damage to endocrine system
- when the pituitary doesn’t make enough ADH results in frequent urination and extreme thirst
Diabetes insipidus
Damage to endocrine system
when certain hormone problems upset the balance of salt and water in the body can results in headache, fatigue, vomiting, confusion, and convulsions.
Hyponatremia -
Damage to endocrine system
(not enough thyroid hormone) - fatigue, constipation, weight gain, irregular menstrual periods, and cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Damage to endocrine system
(not enough sex hormone) - in women, a strop in menstruation and loos of body hair, in men, sexual dysfunction, breast enlargement, loss of body hair and muscle loss.
Hypogonadism
Damage to endocrine system
(not enough growth hormone _ in adults, increased fat, loss of muscle and bone, and decreased energy, in kids growth problems
Growth hormone deficiency
Damage to endocrine system
(too much prolactin) - irregular menstrual period, nipple discharge, and erectile dysfunction
Hyperprolactinemia
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called
Pupil
Frequency also known as
hue
- also known as intensity
Amplitude
- a periodic, natural, reversible, and near total loss of consciousness
Sleep
- is a natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours
Circadian rhythm
SLEEP THEORIES
- adaptation that served as a survival function
Evolutionary theory of sleep
SLEEP THEORIES
- believes that sleep contributes to the brains plasticity
Brain plasticity theory
SLEEP THEORIES
- saving one’s energy
Energy conservation theory
SLEEP THEORIES
- proposes that dreams are a results of the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.
Activation-synthesis theory
4 STAGES OF SLEEP
- you might experience hypnagogic sensation
- transition period between wakefulness and sleep
- lasts around 5 to 10 minutes
1st Stage
4 STAGES OF SLEEP
-your brain starts exhibiting bursts of rapid brain wave activity called sleep spindles. You’re now definitely asleep, but your could still be easily awakend.
-body temperature drops and heart rate begins to slow
- lasts for about 20 minutes
2nd stage
4 STAGES OF SLEEP
- muscles relax
-blood pressure and breathing rate drop - deepest sleep occurs
- comes with slow rolling delta waves
3rd stage
4 STAGES OF SLEEP
-brain becomes more active
- body becomes relaxed and immobilized
- dreams occur
- eyes move rapidly
- on average one cycle of this is completed about 90-120 minutes
4rth stage (REM sleep)
SLEEP DISORDERS
- is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both.
Insomnia
SLEEP DISORDERS
- is a disorder where a person experiences repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep
SLEEP DISORDERS
- is a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
Narcolepsy
SLEEP DISORDERS
- are abnormal behaviors or experiences that occur during sleep
Parasomnias
SLEEP DISORDERS
- involve disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle due to a mismatch between an individual’s internal body clock and external factors such as work schedules or time zone changes.
Circadian rhythm disorders
SLEEP DISORDERS
- disorders involve abnormal movements or behavior during sleep. Restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, and sleep-related leg cramps
Sleep-related movement disorders
SLEEP DISORDERS
happens when you cannot move your muscles as your are waking up or falling asleep. This is because you are in sleep mode but your brain is active. It’s not clear why this happen but it has been linked with insomnia
Sleep paralysis -
SLEEP DISORDERS
- are most common in children under seven, and may be spurred by stress, fatigue, sleep deprivation, and sleeping in unfamiliar surroundings.
Night terrors
- our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
Conscious/Preconscious/Unconscious
- what we are aware of in everyday life
Conscious mind
Conscious/Preconscious/Unconscious
- where we store information we’ve learned
Preconscious mind
Conscious/Preconscious/Unconscious
- your unique thoughts, memories, feelings and sensation
Unconscious mind
THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- how we focus our consciousness on one particular stimulus or group of stimuli, effectively tuning out the rest
Selective attention
THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and non-conscious tasks.
Dual processing
THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- obvious things you fail to notice
Inattentional blindness
- learning that has persisted over time
- information that has been stored and can be recalled
- can be accessed in different ways (recall, recognition, relearning)
Memory
WAYS TO RECALL A MEMORY
a measure of memory in which one must retrieve information learned earlier
Recall -
WAYS TO RECALL A MEMORY
- a measure of memory in which one only needs to identify information previously learned when presented with it
Recognition
WAYS TO RECALL A MEMORY
- a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Relearning
What type of memory?
- contains what we’re currently thinking about
Short term memory
What type of memory?
- has limitations on capacity or duration
semantic - basic knowledge of facts and language
episodic - personal experiences
procedural - the acquisition and retention of skills, habits, and behaviors.
Long-term memory
- the mental processes and activities associated with acquiring, processing, storing, and using information.
It involves various aspects of thinking, understanding, perceiving, remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Cognition
- a hierarchical framework that classifies educational objectives and cognitive skills
1) Remembering - recall specific facts
2) Understanding - Grasp meaning of instructional materials
3) Applying - use information in a new (but similar) situation
4) Analyzing - Take apart the known and identify relationships
5) Evaluating - Examine information and make judgements
6) Creating - use information to create something new
Bloom’s taxonomy
a mind and body’s integral response to a stimulus of some kind. -involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience
Emotion -
PARTS OF THE BRAIN CONNECTED TO EMOTION
- plays a crucial role in the processing and regulation of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
- receives sensory information from various sensory systems and quickly evaluates whether a stimulus is threatening or aversive
Amygdala
PARTS OF THE BRAIN CONNECTED TO EMOTION
- primarily known for its role in memory formation, also contributes to emotional processing.
- It helps contextualize emotional experiences, encode emotional memories, and retrieve memories associated with emotions
Hippocampus
PARTS OF THE BRAIN CONNECTED TO EMOTION
- plays a significant role in emotional responses by relaying sensory information to various brain regions involved in emotion processing.
Thalamus
Theories of Emotion
- emotions are a result of physiological responses to external stimuli. Different emotions arise from different patters of physiological responses.
James-Lange Theory
Theories of Emotion
- emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, and independently in response to a stimulus.
Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of Emotion
- emotions are the result of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal within a particular situational context.
Schachter-singer theory
Theories of Emotion
- when individuals encounter a situation, they engage in a cognitive evaluation process to asses the significance of the situation for their well-being or goals
Primary appraisal - seeks to establish meaning of an event
Secondary Appraisal - ability to cope with the consequences of the event.
Appraisal theory
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
-“Lazy eye” or ___ occurs when one eye cannot focus on objects. If not treated, the brain will learn to ignore the input from the less functional eye. Binocular depth perception will be permanently lost.
Amblyopia
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
result from the clouding of the lens of the eye. Severe ____ are usually treated by surgically removing the clouded lens. Then after the surgery, the person requires extremely strong glasses or the implant of an artificial lens.
Cataracts
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
- the eyeball is slightly elongated, then the image focused by the lens will fall short of the retina.
Myopia or nearsightedness
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
the eyeball is too short; the best image would be focused somewhere behind the retina.
Hyperopia or farsightedness -
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
- does not result from eyeball length, instead, this condition results from unevenness in the shape of the cornea.
Astigmatism
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
– infection of the Zeis gland in the follicle of the lash
Hordeolum (Stye)
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
– involves the meibomian gland in the lid
Chalazion
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
– triangular fold of membrane in the conjunctiva
Pterygium
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
Most common eye disease and is usually bacterial or viral in origin.
Conjunctivitis
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
-Disruption of superficial epithelium of cornea
Corneal Abrasion
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting VISION
- Condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) of eye and a gradual loss of vision; “thief in the night”, i.e., narrowing of vision field is so gradual that it us noticed until late in disease process.
Glaucoma
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
- Patient’s Chief Complaint is identified and careful history is extracted.
Ocular Examination
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
It is composed of a series of progressively smaller rows of letters and is used to test distance vision. If patient unable to read 20/20 line, a pinhole occluder is used.
standard Snellen’s Chart.
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
- To directly examine the Cornea, Lens and Retina. Uses the Ophthalmoscope in a dark room.
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
- The ____ is a binocular microscope that enables the user to examine more the internal eye structures including nerves with magnification 10 to 40 times the real image.
Slit-Lamp Examination
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
- sensitive for the diagnosis of green/red blindness but not effective for detection of blue discrimination.
Ishihara chart (to assess color blindness)
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
- Is a test used for patients with macular problems such as Macular degeneration.
Amsler Grid
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing vision.
- Measures intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by determining the amount of force necessary to indent or flatten (applanate) a small anterior area of the globe of the eye.
Tonometry
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting AUDITION
- arises from a wide variety of causes. A person is considered legally deaf when speech sounds of 82 dB or less cannot be heard. Typical speech occurs at about 60 db.
conductive hearing loss and sensory-neural loss are two of the most common hearing problems
Hearing loss
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting AUDITION
- acute infection of the middle ear lasting less than 6 weeks.
Otitis media
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting AUDITION
- abnormal ear fluid balanced caused by a malabsorption in the endolymphatic sac.
Meniere’s Disease
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting AUDITION
- A ____ eardrum is not usually serious and often heals on its own without any complications. It may cause hearing loss, in which case a small procedure to repair it is an option.
Perforated Eardrum
Sample Disorders or Illnesses affecting AUDITION
- It is an uncommon condition where a growth develops in the ear. You can be born with it but usually it occurs as a complication of a longstanding (chronic) ear infection. The most common symptoms are a loss of hearing and a smelly discharge from the ear.
Cholesteatoma
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing AUDITION
Uses bone conduction to test lateralization of sound to detect unilateral hearing loss.
Weber Test
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing AUDITION
Useful for distinguishing between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
Rinne Test
Sample Diagnostic Procedures in assessing AUDITION
An acoustic evaluation of the condition of the middle ear eardrum and the conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal.
. Tympanometry
Collection of sleep disorders that negatively impact the quantity and quality of sleep.
Dyssomnia
- A condition in which the muscle paralysis that is normally associated with REM sleep occurs when the person is completely awake. It does not cause a loss of consciousness. The muscle paralysis is minor, affecting part of the face. It is nearly always preceded by a strong emotional reaction or stress.
Cataplexy
There are four biological rhythms:
the 24-hour cycle that includes physiological and behavioral rhythms like sleeping
Circadian rhythms:
There are four biological rhythms:
: When the rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle it is termed a diurnal rhythm.
- Eq. ___animals are animals that are active during the day and then sleep at night. Examples of diurnal animals include humans, deer and dogs.
Diurnal rhythms
There are four biological rhythms:
biological rhythms with a shorter period and higher frequency than circadian rhythms. It has a variable rhythm or regularity in process.
Eq. Blood circulation, thermoregulation, blinking, micturition, appetite, and arousal.
Ultradian rhythms:
There are four biological rhythms:
biological rhythms that last more than 24 hours or beyond but less than a year.
Infradian rhythms:
Factors Affecting Sleep
It sends daily impulses to Pineal gland to produce MELATONIN.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.
Factors Affecting Sleep
Sleep regulators chemical found in our spinal fluid. It inhibits body processes (slows down) when we need to take a rest. _____signals us that our body is already tired & we need to sleep.
ADENOSINE (+)
Factors Affecting Sleep
Like sleeping pills. It boosts our ADENOSINE LEVELS, allowing us to have quick deep sleep.
CHEMICAL RELAXANTS (+)
Factors Affecting Sleep
This one block effects of ADENOSINE to let us stay awake & active.
CAFFEINE (-)
Factors Affecting Sleep
Serves as Time Giver (Exogenous Zeitgeber). It goes to our retina to keep us awake.
LIGHT (-)
- Loses the ability to smile spontaneously but can smile on command.
Parkinson’s disease
because the ability to express spontaneous emotions is impaired, thus it looks like their emotion is flat affect.
Emotional facial paresis
