BPQUALIFYING Flashcards
sum of all biological process by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.
Heredity -
- units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.
Genes
- how humans adapt and respond to environmental stimuli in order to survive based on physical and psychological make-up
Evolution
- The idea that those heritable traits that are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely to be passed on to future generations.
Natural selection
- the study of genetics and environmental influences on behaviors
- has the primary goal to investigate the nature and orgins of individual differences in behavior.
Behavioral Genetics
- manner of conducting oneself
- anything that an organism does in response to a stimulant
-subject to change based on situation
Behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
visible type of behavior
Overt behavior -
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- type of behaviors that are not visible
Covert behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- depends on human want.
Voluntary behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- occurs naturally and without thinking
Involuntary behavior
KIND OF BEHAVIOR
- one that is not innate, instinctive, occurs only after experience or practice.
Learned behavior
- distinguishing characteristics
-specific characteristsics of an individual - can be determined by genes. environmental factors or by a combination of both.
- inherent and remains stable overtime
Traits
WHAT KIND OF TRAITS
- your height, weight, size, shape, or another bodily characteristics
Physical traits
WHAT KIND OF TRAITS
describes how a person tends to think, feel, and behave on an ongoing basis.
Personality traits-
- the most complex part of the body
- this trhree pound organ is the seat of intelligence, interpreter of the senses, initiator of body movement, and controller of behavior.
Brain
- what makes your bodies big decisions. Known as the command center
Central Nervous System
- composed of scout-like sensory neurons that gather information and report it back to the central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
Parts of Peripheral Nervous System
- controls voluntary muscles, and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system
Somatic
Parts of Peripheral Nervous System
- control involuntary muscles
Sympathetic - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - rest and digest
Autonomic -
Parts of the brain
- located at the forebrain
- non-verbal learning and memory, the perception of time and modulating motions, it control voluntary movement.
Cerebellum
Parts of the brain
- located at the brain stem
- the top part of the brain stem, crucial for regulating eye movements
Midbrain
Parts of the brain
- the middle portion of the brainstem, coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance
Pons
Parts of the brain
the bottom part of the brainstem helps regulate your breathing, heart rhythms, blood pressure, and swallowing
Medulla Oblongata -
Parts of the brain
- keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Parts of the brain
- information relay station, takes in sensory information related to seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting.
Thalamus
Parts of the brain
- acts as memory indexer, sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary.
Hippocampus
What lobe of the brain?
understanding language (Wernicke’s area), memory, hearing, sequencing and organization
Temporal lobe-
What lobe of the brain?
- interprets vision (color, light, movement)
Occipital lobe
What lobe of the brain?
- interprets language, words, sense of touch, pain, temperature, interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory.
Parietal lobe
What lobe of the brain?
- personality, behavior, emotions, judgement, planning, problem solving, speech (speaking and writing -> broca’s area), body movement, intelligence, concentration, self awareness
Frontal lobe
- is the center of our emotions, leaning, and memory. Included in this system are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala, (emotional reactions), and hippocampus (memory)
Limbic system
- made up of all the body’s different hormones, regulates all the biological processes in the body from conception to adulthood and into old age, the growth and function of the reproductive system, metabolism and blood sugar levels.
Endocrine system
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
affects an individual’s ability to control emotions, impulses, and behavior, or may cause difficulty recalling events or speaking.
Frontal lobe-
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
have trouble with their five primary senses.
parietal lobe-
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
-leads individuals to demonstrate difficult with communication or memory.
temporal lobe
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain?)
- leas to trouble seeing or perceiving the size and shape of objects.
Occipital lobe
Effects of injury or damage (what lobe of the brain? specific part)
affects balance, movement, and coordination
Cerebellum -
Injuries of the left/right side of the brain may cause:
Difficulties understanding langauge (receptive language)
Diffiultes in speaking or verbal outpur (expressive language)
Catastrophic reactions (depression, anxiety)
Difficulty speaking
Impaired logic
Sequencing difficulties
decreased control over right sided body movements
left
Injuries of the left/right side of the brain may cause:
visual-spatial impairment
-visual memory deficits
-left neglect (inattention to the left side of the body)
-decreased awarenessof deficits
-altered creativity and music perception
-loss of the “big picture” type of thinking
decreased control over legt-sided body movements.
right
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
damage to this part could affect a person’s fear processing (especially in being unable to recognize fearful situations) which could result in more risk-taking behaviors and putting themselves in dangerous situations
Amygdala -
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
- damage to this part may lead to deficits in being able to learn anything new, as well as affecting memory
hippocampus
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
- damage to his part can affect the production of certain hormones, including those which aca affect mood and emotion
Hypothalamus
Damage to Limbic system/what part?
- damage to this part can result in tremors, involuntary muscle movements, abnormal posture, and links to movement disorders (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease)
Basal ganglia
Some cognitive disorders that are connected to the limbic system:
Depression
Olfactory impairments
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Autism spectrum conditions
Alzheimer’s disease
Movement disorders - Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease
Some cognitive disorders that are connected to the limbic system:
Depression
Olfactory impairments
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Autism spectrum conditions
Alzheimer’s disease
Movement disorders - Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease
Damage to endocrine system
- when the adrenal glands don’t make enough hormones results in fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, vomiting, and dehydration, and can be life threating if not treated
Adrenal insufficiency
Damage to endocrine system
- when the pituitary doesn’t make enough ADH results in frequent urination and extreme thirst
Diabetes insipidus
Damage to endocrine system
when certain hormone problems upset the balance of salt and water in the body can results in headache, fatigue, vomiting, confusion, and convulsions.
Hyponatremia -
Damage to endocrine system
(not enough thyroid hormone) - fatigue, constipation, weight gain, irregular menstrual periods, and cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Damage to endocrine system
(not enough sex hormone) - in women, a strop in menstruation and loos of body hair, in men, sexual dysfunction, breast enlargement, loss of body hair and muscle loss.
Hypogonadism
Damage to endocrine system
(not enough growth hormone _ in adults, increased fat, loss of muscle and bone, and decreased energy, in kids growth problems
Growth hormone deficiency
Damage to endocrine system
(too much prolactin) - irregular menstrual period, nipple discharge, and erectile dysfunction
Hyperprolactinemia
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called
Pupil
Frequency also known as
hue