EXPPSY Flashcards
comes from the Latin word Scientia, which simply means knowledge. It connotes
content and process.
Science
consists of the scientific
techniques we use to collect and evaluate data.
Methodology
are the facts we gather using scientific
methods.
Data
The kind of everyday, nonscientific data
gathering that shapes our expectations and
beliefs and directs our behavior toward others
has been called
Heider called nonscientific data gathering
_________________.
This approach uses nonscientific sources
of data and nonscientific inference.
commonsense psychology.
we tend to overlook
instances that might disconfirm our beliefs
instead, confirmatory instances of behavior.
Research has shown that we are more likely to
believe information if it comes from certain kinds
of individuals.
Confirmation Bias,
is the nonscientific use
of information to explain or predict behavior.
One of the first and most important kinds of data
we collect about others comes in the form of traits
we assign to them.
Perceiving others by their traits can be useful for
predicting behavior, but it can also lead to
overestimations that they will act in trait-
consistent ways across a wide variety situations.
Nonscientific inference
Compounding our inferential shortcoming is a
phenomenon known as the _____, we feel more confident about our
conclusions than is warranted by available data.
This form of nonscientific inference can result in
erroneous conclusions when we don’t recognize
the limitations of supporting data.
overconfidence
bias
Alfred North Whitehead’s _____
assumes that behavior follows a natural order
and can be predicted.
This assumption is essential to science. There is
no point to using the scientific method to gather
and analyze data if there is no implicit order.
scientific mentality
Data are ____when observed or
experienced.
Galileo’s empirical approach was superior
to Aristotle’s commonsense method.
Galileo correctly concluded that light objects
fall as rapidly as heavy ones in a vacuum.
empirical
A____ consists of statements generally
expressed as equations with few variables
that have overwhelming empirical support.
law
A ____ is an interim explanation; a set of
related statements used explain and predict
phenomena.
_____integrate diverse data, explain
behavior, and predict new instances of behavior.
theory
____ is critical to the scientific method.
We engage in ____when data collection
and interpretation are systematic, objective, and
rational.
____includes being open to new ideas
even when they contradict to our prior beliefs or
attitudes.
Good thinking
The principle of ____is that we prefer
the simplest useful explanation.
Entities should not be multiplied without
necessity.
It is the simplicity, precision and clarity
of thought.
We must avoid making unnecessary
assumptions to support an argument or
explanation.
parsimony
____ is an exact or systematic repetition
of a study.
increases our confidence in
experimental results by adding to the weight of
supporting evidence.
We should be able to repeat our procedures and
get the same results again if we have data
objectively.
Replication
The four main objectives of science
is the initial step toward
understanding any phenomenon.
in psychological science is referring
to systematic and unbiased account of the
observed characteristics of behaviors.
Description
