EXPPSY Flashcards
comes from the Latin word Scientia, which simply means knowledge. It connotes
content and process.
Science
consists of the scientific
techniques we use to collect and evaluate data.
Methodology
are the facts we gather using scientific
methods.
Data
The kind of everyday, nonscientific data
gathering that shapes our expectations and
beliefs and directs our behavior toward others
has been called
Heider called nonscientific data gathering
_________________.
This approach uses nonscientific sources
of data and nonscientific inference.
commonsense psychology.
we tend to overlook
instances that might disconfirm our beliefs
instead, confirmatory instances of behavior.
Research has shown that we are more likely to
believe information if it comes from certain kinds
of individuals.
Confirmation Bias,
is the nonscientific use
of information to explain or predict behavior.
One of the first and most important kinds of data
we collect about others comes in the form of traits
we assign to them.
Perceiving others by their traits can be useful for
predicting behavior, but it can also lead to
overestimations that they will act in trait-
consistent ways across a wide variety situations.
Nonscientific inference
Compounding our inferential shortcoming is a
phenomenon known as the _____, we feel more confident about our
conclusions than is warranted by available data.
This form of nonscientific inference can result in
erroneous conclusions when we don’t recognize
the limitations of supporting data.
overconfidence
bias
Alfred North Whitehead’s _____
assumes that behavior follows a natural order
and can be predicted.
This assumption is essential to science. There is
no point to using the scientific method to gather
and analyze data if there is no implicit order.
scientific mentality
Data are ____when observed or
experienced.
Galileo’s empirical approach was superior
to Aristotle’s commonsense method.
Galileo correctly concluded that light objects
fall as rapidly as heavy ones in a vacuum.
empirical
A____ consists of statements generally
expressed as equations with few variables
that have overwhelming empirical support.
law
A ____ is an interim explanation; a set of
related statements used explain and predict
phenomena.
_____integrate diverse data, explain
behavior, and predict new instances of behavior.
theory
____ is critical to the scientific method.
We engage in ____when data collection
and interpretation are systematic, objective, and
rational.
____includes being open to new ideas
even when they contradict to our prior beliefs or
attitudes.
Good thinking
The principle of ____is that we prefer
the simplest useful explanation.
Entities should not be multiplied without
necessity.
It is the simplicity, precision and clarity
of thought.
We must avoid making unnecessary
assumptions to support an argument or
explanation.
parsimony
____ is an exact or systematic repetition
of a study.
increases our confidence in
experimental results by adding to the weight of
supporting evidence.
We should be able to repeat our procedures and
get the same results again if we have data
objectively.
Replication
The four main objectives of science
is the initial step toward
understanding any phenomenon.
in psychological science is referring
to systematic and unbiased account of the
observed characteristics of behaviors.
Description
The four main objectives of science
When we have explained a
behavior, we also understand what causes to it
to occur.
To explain a behavior, we have to use an
experimental design in which we systematically
manipulate aspects of the setting with the
intention of producing the specific behavior.
Explanation.
The four main objectives of science
refers to the capacity of knowing in
advance when certain behaviors would be
expected to occur – to be able to ____them
ahead of time.
A number of research designs, called
correlational and quasi-experimental are
commonly used to predict behavior.
Prediction,
The four main objectives of science
refers to the application of what has
been learned about the behavior.
Control,
The main tools of psychological science
is the systematic noting and
recording of events.
____ means that
the procedures are consistently applied.
The events or their signs must be observable.
Observations must be objective so that there
can be strong agreement among raters.
Observation
Systematic
The main tools of psychological science
____ assigns numbers to objects,
events, or their characteristics. This is an
inherent feature of quantitative research.
Baron and colleagues (1985) measured anger
and depression using numerical scales.
Measurement
The main tools of psychological science
is the process we use to test
the predictions we call hypotheses and establish
cause-and-effect relationships.
is not always possible because
our predictions must be testable.
At times experimentation might be possible, but
it cannot be carried out for ethical reasons.
Experimentation
Experiments establish a ____
because causes must precede effects. However,
not all prior events are causes.
temporal relationship,
A ______ is any field of study that
gives the appearance of being scientific,
but has no true scientific basis and has not
been confirmed using the scientific method.
____ is Greek for false – characterizes any field
of study that gives the appearance of being
scientific but no basis.
example: past life
regression, reparenting, and rebirthing.
pseudoscience
Pseudo
____ involved
assessing traits and
disposition by measuring
the size and location of
bumps on the skull.
Phrenology
____ involved
using facial features to
evaluate traits, mental
capacity and skills.
Physiognomy
____ was believed
that fluids in the body
ebbed and flowed by
magnetic principles and
that both physical and
mental illness could be
cured by realigning these
fluids using magnets, or
his hands passed across
the patient’s body.
Mesmerism
involved
purported contact with
ghosts and spirits of the
dead.
Spiritualism
