TPQUALIFYING Flashcards
-refers to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas
Persona
- pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior
Personality
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- posture, built, size, complexion, facial expression
Physical/external domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- how the person talks, range of ideas, thins people talk about, mental alertness
mental/cognitive domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
likes and dislikes, aggressive (tendency to inflict harm) or docile (submissive), how people respond when things become difficult, how easily people give up to anger, how people handle stress, sense of humor.
emotional domain -
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- social contact
Social domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- right and wrong, do’s and don’ts
moral domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- higher value in life, religion, philosophy in life
spiritual domain
- set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.
Theory
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- how wide range and diverse
Comprehensiveness
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- constructs that are clearly and explicitly defined, stated in clear language
Precision and testability
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- contain only those constructs, relational statements and assumptions necessary for the explanation of the phenomena within its domain.
Parsimony
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- must have data to support it
empirical validity
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- stimulates and provokes further theorizing and research
heuristic value
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- leads to new approaches to the solution of people’s problem
applied value
A USEFUL THEORY:
1) Generates research
2) is falsifiable
3) Organizes data
4) Guides action
5) is internally consistent
6) is parsimonious
A USEFUL THEORY:
1) Generates research
2) is falsifiable
3) Organizes data
4) Guides action
5) is internally consistent
6) is parsimonious
What theory?
- focuses on the unconscious motivations of behavior
- involves looking at childhood experiences to discover how these events might have shaped the individual and how they contribute to current actions
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund freud/Psychodynamic theories)
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious (selective forgetting)
Repression -
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- reverting back to immature behavior fron an earlier stage of development
Regression
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target.
Displacement
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior
Sublimation
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts or behavior
Rationalization
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- pleasure centers on the mouth. Sucking, biting chewing.
1) Oral receptive - very trusting and dependent
2) Oral aggressive - aggressive and dominating
Oral (0-2)
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
Anal (2-3)
1) Anal expulsive - emotional, rebellious, messy
2) Anal retentive - mean, stubborn, obsessively tidy
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- pleasure focuses on sexual organs. Realization of the difference between male and female, becomes aware of sexuality
Phallic (3-7)
1) Phallic personality - self assured, vain, impulsive
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- sexual urges are repressed, sublimated to socially accepted behavior such as sports and arts.
Latency (7-11)
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- the growing adolescent shakes of old dependencies. Learn to deal maturely with the opposite sex
Genital (11 and above)
1) Genital personality - well adjusted, mature, able to love and be loved.
What theory?
- people are born with weak, inferior bodies - a condition that leads to feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence on other people
- the dynamic force behind behavior is the striving for success and superiority
- the value of human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest
Individual Psychology (alfred adler)
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- some people strive for____ with little or no concern for others. Their goals are personal one.
- some people create clever disguises for their personal striving and self centeredness behind the cloak of social concern
Striving for personal Superiority
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- psychologically health people are motivated by social interest and success of all humankind. They are concerned with goals beyond themselves.
Striving for success
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- belief system
- our most important ____ is the goal of superiority or success, a goal we created early in life and may not be clearly understood
Fictionalism
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- even after growth and overcoming physical deficiencies, people still act as if they are still small, weak, and inferior
Physical Inferiorities
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- the disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation, it affects the entire person. People often use a physical disorder to express their style of life.
Organ dialect
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- ___ is the part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood
______ are those that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving success
Conscious and Unconscious
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- social interest
- an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as empathy for each member of the human community
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- flavor of a person’s life. Includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world
- it is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and person’s creative power.
Style of life
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- each person empowered to create his or her own style of life. They are responsible for who they are and how they behave. It is responsible for their final goal.
Creative power
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- set their goals too high
- live in their own private life
- have rigid and domatic way of life
Abnormal development
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT (alfred adler: individual psychology)
- whether congenital, injury, or disease are not sufficient to lead to maladjustment. They tend to be overly concerned with themselves and lack consideration for others.
Exaggerated physical deficiencies
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT (alfred adler: individual psychology)
- have a weak socia interest but a strong desire to perpetuate to be pampered. Parasitic relationship they originally had with one or both of their parents
Pampered style of life
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT (alfred adler: individual psychology)
- children who feel unloved and unwanted are likely to borrow from these feelings in creating a ___ style of life
Neglect style of life
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- most common “yes, but” or “if only”
Excuses
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- tendency to undervalue other people’s achievement and overvalue one’s own
Depreciation (Aggression)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- blaming others
Accusation (Aggression)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- blaming yourself
Self accusation (Aggression)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- reverting to a more secure period of life
Moving backward (withdrawal)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- similar to moving backward, but not as severe
Standing still (Withdrawal)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- some people hesitate or vacillate when faced with difficult problems.
Hesitating (withdrawal)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- creating your own problems and solving them just to prove that your can solve problems
Constructing obstacles (withdrawal)
What theory?
- each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from ancestors
Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE (Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung)
- those that are sensed by the ego
Conscious
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE (Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung)
- all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. Contents of the ___ are called complexes.
Personal unconscious
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE (Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung)
- has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. Responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs.
Collective unconscious
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- are ancient or archaic images generalized and derived from the contents of the collective unconscious
- they should also be distinguished from instincts
Archetypes
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- are individualized components of the personal unconscious
an unconscious organized set of memories, associations, fantasies, expectations, and behavior patterns or tendencies around a core element which is accompanied by strong emotions.
Complexes
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- an unconscious physical impluse toward actions, and archetype is the psychic counterpart this
Instincts
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- the side of personality that people show to the world.
Persona
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- the feminine side of men orginates in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness. Represents irrational moods and feelings.
Anima
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- The masculine archetype in women
-symbolic of thinking and reasoning
Animus
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others.
Shadow -
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god. Fights agains freat odds, but has a tragic flaw.
Hero
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- this preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings.
Great mother
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. Also symbolized by life itself.
Wise old man
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- archetype of archetypes, inherited tendecny to move towards growth, perfection, and completions.. Symbolized by the “mandala”
Self
What theory?
- loving relationship between parent and child
- human contact and relatedness are the prime motives of behavior
- less emphasis on biologically based drives, more on consistent interpersonal relationships
- drives aim to reduce tension; achieve pleasure
- the mother or the breast is the model of all interpersonal relationships
Object relations theory (Melanie Klein)
CONCEPTS IN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Melanie Klein)
- psychic representations of unconscious id instincts.
- infants possess an active phantasy life
- thumb sucking = good breast
- crying and kicking = bad breast
Phantasies
CONCEPTS IN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Melanie Klein)
- drives must have an object
- children relate to these external ____ (breast) both in fantasy and reality
Objects
CONCEPTS IN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Melanie Klein)
- ways of dealing with internal and external objects
- positions alternate back and forth
Positions
TWO BASIC POSITONS (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
___: detachment and avoidance of social contact
3-4 months of life
- an infant comes into contat with both the good breast and bad breast.
- an infant desires to control the breast by devouring and harboring it
- an infant’s innate destructive urges creates a fantasy of destroying the breast by biting, tearing, ir annihilating it.
- “persecurotory breast” - fear or death instinct
- Paranoid-Schizoid Position
TWO BASIC POSITONS (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
5-6 months of life
-anxiety of losing a loved object paired with guilt for wanting to destroy that object
- infants can see the good and bad in the same person
- devlops a more realistic picture of the mother who can be both good and bad.
- the ego starts to tolerate its own destructiveness rather than projecting it to others.
- realization that the mother might go away and be lost forever
- empathy is felt
- depressive position is reseolved when children fantasize that they have made reperation with their mother and that she will not go away permanently.
- Depressive Position
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- attempt to incorporate the mother’s breast into the infant’s body
1) Introjection
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- fantasy that one’s own feelings and impulses actually reside in another person.
2) Projection
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- keeping apart incompatible impulses. Enables people to see both positive and negative aspects of themselves
3) Splitting
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- project to others the negative, introject to self the positive.
4) Projective Identification
Attachment Styles theory (John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth)
- when their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact: For example, they will go over to their mother and want to be held.
Secure attachment
Attachment Styles theory (John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth)
- infants are ambivalent. When their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset, and when their mother returns they seek contact with her but reject attempts at being soothed.
Anxious attachment
Attachment Styles theory (John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth)
- infants stay calm when their mother leaves: They accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her.
Avoidant attachment
What theory?
- takes place in the social environment
- personality is influenced by social and cultural forces
-people are motivated by needs for security and love
Psychoanalytic Social Theory: Karen Horney
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY (Karen Horney)
- being alone and helpless in a hostile world
Basic anxiety
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- trying to do whatever the other person wants, trying to bribe others, threatening others into providing the desired affection.
Securing Affection and love
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- involves complying with the wishes either of one particular person, or of everyone in our social environment.
Being submissive
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- a person compensates for helplessness and achieve security through success or superiority. If they have power, no one will harm them
Attaining power
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- a withdraw person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof, not seeking to satisfy emotional needs.
Withdrawing
NEUROTIC NEEDS AND NEUROTIC TRENDS (Psychoanalytic theory: Karen Horney)
Movement Towards People (Compliant Personality)
- affection and approval
- dominant partner
Movement Against People (Aggressive Personality)
- power
-exploitation
-prestige
-admiration
-achievement
Movement Away from People (detached personality)
-self sufficiency
-perfection
- narrow limits of life
NEUROTIC NEEDS AND NEUROTIC TRENDS (Psychoanalytic theory: Karen Horney)
Movement Towards People (Compliant Personality)
- affection and approval
- dominant partner
Movement Against People (Aggressive Personality)
- power
-exploitation
-prestige
-admiration
-achievement
Movement Away from People (detached personality)
-self sufficiency
-perfection
- narrow limits of life
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS (Psychoanalytic Social theory: Karen Horney)
- an extravagantly positive view of themselves that exists only in their personal belief system
The idealized Self-image
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS (Psychoanalytic Social theory: Karen Horney)
- the need for perfection, neurotic ambition, and the drive toward a vindictive triumph
Neurotic Search for Glory
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS (Psychoanalytic Social theory: Karen Horney)
- neurotics build a fantasy world - a world that is out of sync with the real world. Believing that something is wrong with the outside world, they proclaim that they are special, they fail to see that their claims of special privilege are unreasonable.
Neurotic claims
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS (Psychoanalytic Social theory: Karen Horney)
- a false pride based not on a realistic view of the true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self.
Neurotic Pride
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS (Psychoanalytic Social theory: Karen Horney)
- an interrelated yet equally irrational and powerful tendency to despise one’s real self
1) relentless demands on the self
2) Merciless self-accusation
3) Self-contempt
4) Self-frustration
5) Self-torment
6) Self-destructive actions and impulses
Self Hatred
What theory?
- looks at people from a historical and cultural perspective rather than strictly psychological
-modern day people have been turn away from prehisoric union with nature and one another, yet they have the power of reasoning, foresight, and imagination
Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS: Erich Fromm
- stems from humanity’s separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation
Basic anxiety
HUMAN NEEDS (Humanistic Psychoanalyis: Erich Fromm)
- the drive for union with another person or other persons
submissions
power
love - is the only route be which a person can beome united with the world and at the same time achieve individuality and integrity
Relatedness
HUMAN NEEDS (Humanistic Psychoanalyis: Erich Fromm)
- the urge to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into the realm of purposefulness and freedom
Transcendence
HUMAN NEEDS (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm)
- the need to establish roots or to feel at home in the world
Fixation - a tenacious reluctance to move beyond the protective security provided by one’s mother
Rootedness
HUMAN NEEDS (Humanistic Psychoanalyis: Erich Fromm)
- capacity to be aware of ourselves as separate entity. Without it, people could not retain their sanity.
Sense of Identity
HUMAN NEEDS (Humanistic Psychoanalyis: Erich Fromm)
- road map used to make their way through the world, it enables people to organize the various stimuli or to impinge on them.
Frame of Orientation
Mechanisms of Escape (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm
- tendency to give up the independence of one’s own individual self and fuse one’s self with somebody or something outside oneself, in order to acquire strength which individual is lacking
-masochism and sadism
Authoritarianism
Mechanisms of Escape (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm
- rooted in the feelings of aloneness, isoliation and powerlessness. Destroying people and objects, a person or a nation attempts to restore lost feelings of power.
Destructiveness
Mechanisms of Escape (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm
- giving up their individuality and becoming whatever other people desire them to be.
Conformity
Character orientations (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm)
- feels that the source of all good lies outside themselves and that the only way they can relate to the world is to receive things, love knowledge, and material possessions.
Receptive
Character orientations (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm)
- believes that the source of all good is outside themselves, they prefer to steal or plagiarize rather than create.
Exploitative
Character orientations (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm)
seeks to save which they have already obtained. They hold everything inside and don’t let go of anything.
Hoarding -
Character orientations (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm)
- sees themselves as commodities with their personal value dependent on their exchange values, that is, their ability to sell themselves.
Marketing
Character orientations (Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Erich Fromm)
- working, loving, and reasoning,
- healthy people value work not as an end itself, but as a means of creative self-expression
- productive love - is characterized by the four qualities of love: care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge.
Biophilia: Passionate love of life and all that is alive.
Productive orientation
- people develop their personality within a social context. Without other people, humans would have no personality
- people achieve healthy development when they are able to experience both intimacy and lust toward the other perons.
Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan
CONCEPTS IN INTERPERSONAL THEORY (Harry Sullivan)
- brought by biological imbalance
- needs are episodic, once satisfied, they lose their power, but after a time, it still likely to reoccur
- tenderness, most basic interpersonal need.
Needs
General needs- concerned with overall well-being of a person
Zonal needs - arise from a particular part of the body.
CONCEPTS IN INTERPERSONAL THEORY (Harry Sullivan)
- disjunctive, diffused and vague
- no consistent action for its relief
- transferred from the parent to the infant thought the process of empathy.
Anxiety
Security Operations (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
- impulses, desires, and needs that a person refuses to allow into awareness
Dissociation
Security Operations (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
- control of focal awareness, refusal to see those things that we do not wish to see.
Selective Inattention
Levels of Cognition (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
- earliest experiences that are impossible to put into words or to communicate to others.
Prototaxic Level
Levels of Cognition (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
experiences are prelogical and usually result when a person assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that occur coincidentally
Parataxic level -
Levels of Cognition (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
- experiences that are consensually validated and that can be symbolically communicated.
Syntaxic level
CONCEPTS IN INTERPERSONAL THEORY (Harry Sullivan)
- images of themselves and others.
Personifications
Personifications (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
- similar to klein
- until the infant develops language, the two opposing images of mother can coexist.
Bad mother, good mother
Personifications (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
-bad me - experiences of punishments and disapproval
- good me- experiences of reward and approval
- not me- experience of sudden anxiety
Me personifications
Personifications (Interpersonal theory: Harry Sullivan)
- unrealistic traits, imaginary friends that children invent to protect their self esteem.
Eidetic Personification
Dynamisms (traits) - Interpersonal Theory (Harry Sullivan)
- dynamism of evil and hatred
- feeling of living among one’s enemies
Disjunctive/ Malevolence
Dynamisms (traits) - Interpersonal Theory (Harry Sullivan)
- grow out of the earlier need for tenderness
- exists between two children, each of whom ses theo ther as a person of equal value
Conjunctive/Intimacy
Dynamisms (traits) - Interpersonal Theory (Harry Sullivan)
- requires no other person for its satisfaction
Isolating/Lust
Dynamisms (traits) - Interpersonal Theory (Harry Sullivan)
- consistent pattern of behavior
- consistent patter of behaviors that maintains people’s interpersonal security by protecting them from anxiety.
Self-system
What theory?
-each stages has conflicts and challenges
-people must modify their personalities in order to adjust to their social environment
- child’s success in ealry stages depends largely on their parents
Erik Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory/Psychosocial Stages of Development
Aspects of the ego (Psycho-social Stages of Developement: Erik erikson)
- experiences with our body, way of seeing our physical self as different with other people.
Body ego
Aspects of the ego (Psycho-social Stages of Developement: Erik erikson)
- image of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal. Responsible for our being satisfied or dissatisfied.
Ego Ideal
Aspects of the ego (Psycho-social Stages of Developement: Erik erikson)
- Image of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play.
Ego Identity
What theory?
- assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health
Holistic-Dynamic Theory: Abraham Maslow
CONATIVE NEEDS (Holistic-Dynamic Theoy: Abraham Maslow)
food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on.
- are the most preponent of all
1, Physiological Needs -
CONATIVE NEEDS (Holistic-Dynamic Theoy: Abraham Maslow)
- including physical security, stabilitiy, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters.
-The needs for law, order, and structure
- Safety needs
CONATIVE NEEDS (Holistic-Dynamic Theoy: Abraham Maslow)
- the desire for friendship
- the wish for a mate and children
- the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation
- Love and belongingness needs
CONATIVE NEEDS (Holistic-Dynamic Theoy: Abraham Maslow)
- self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem.
- Esteem needs
CONATIVE NEEDS (Holistic-Dynamic Theoy: Abraham Maslow)
- self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the world.
- Self-Actualization Need
CONCEPTS IN HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY (Abraham Maslow)
not universal, but at least some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences.
Aesthetic needs -
CONCEPTS IN HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY (Abraham Maslow)
- most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
Cognitive needs
CONCEPTS IN HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY (Abraham Maslow)
- non productive, they perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization
Neurotic needs
What theory?
- originally described as “non-directive”
- a theory that trusted the innate tendency (actualizing tendency of human beings to fulfill their personal potentials.
Person-centered Theory: Carl Rogers
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organize and inorganic, to evolve from simple to more complex forms.
Formative tendency
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- tendency to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
Actualizing tendency
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo
Maintenance
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- the need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth
Enhancement
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- tendency to actualize the self as perceived in conscious awareness.
Self-Actualization
LEVELS OF AWARENESS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- in situations where there are many potential stimuli, we cannot attend to all of them.
- Below the threshold/ Ignored or denied
LEVELS OF AWARENESS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- non-threatening and consistent existing self-concept
- Symbolized/Freely admitted
LEVELS OF AWARENESS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- when our experience is not consistent with our view of our self.
- Distorted
CORE CONDITIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- a person’s organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings.
Involves feelings, awareness and expression
Congruence
CORE CONDITIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- accept and prize their clients without any restrictions or reservations and without regard to the client’s behavior
Unconditional Positive Regard
CORE CONDITIONS (Person-centered theory: Carl Rogers)
- when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions os that clients know that another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation.
Empathic listening
What theory?
- existence takes precedence over essence
- opposes the split between subject and object
- people search for something to their lives
- each of us is responsible for who we are and what we become
- anti-theoretical
Humanistic-Existential Psychology: Rollo May
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL (Rollo May)
- we exist in the world that can be best understood from our own perspective
Being in the world
- unity of person and environment, to exist there.
Umwelt - the environment around us. The world of objects, things, nature, and natural law.
Dasein
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL (Rollo May)
- our relations with other people. We must relate to people as people not as things.
Mitwelt
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL (Rollo May)
- relationship with oneself. To be aware of oneself as a human being and to grasp who we are as we relate to the world of things and to the world of people.
Eigenwelt
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL (Rollo May)
- is not the same as love, but it is the source of love.
- To love means to ____. to recognize the esential humanity of the other person, to have an active regard for that persons’ development.
Care
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL (Rollo May)
- delight in the presence of the other person and an affirming of (that person’s) value and development as much as one’s own.
Love
CONCEPTS IN HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL (Rollo May)
- the capacity to organize one’s self so that movement in a certain direction or toward a certain goal may take place.
Will
FORMS OF LOVE (Humanistic-existential: Rollo May)
- release of sexual tension
Sex
FORMS OF LOVE (Humanistic-existential: Rollo May)
- with to establish a lasting union, sex is the desire to experience pleasure
Eros
FORMS OF LOVE (Humanistic-existential: Rollo May)
- intimate nonsexual friendship between two people
Philia
FORMS OF LOVE (Humanistic-existential: Rollo May)
- esteem, concern for the other’s welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it. Love of God for men.
Agape
What theory?
- emphasized the uniqueness of individual
- attempts to describe people in terms of general trains rob them of their unique individuality
- objected to trait and ofactor thoeries that tend to reduce individual behaviors to common traits
Psychology of the Individual: Gordon Allport
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL: Gordon Allport
- are general characteristics held in common by many people. They can be inferred from factor analytic studies such as those conducted by Eysenck and the authors of the Five-Factor Theory.
Common Traits
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL: Gordon Allport
- are of even greater importance because they permit researchers to study a single individual “peculiar to the individual”
Personal Dispositions
LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITION (Psychology of the individual: Gordon Allport)
- eminent characteristic or ruling passion so outstanding that it dominates their lives. Most people do not have this, but those few people who do are often know that single characteristic.
Cardinal dispositions
LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITION (Psychology of the individual: Gordon Allport)
- include the 5 to 10 most outstanding characteristics around which a person’s life focuses. Those that would be listend in an accurate letter of recommendation written by someone who knew the person quite well.
Central Disposition
LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITION (Psychology of the individual: Gordon Allport)
- everyone has many ____dispositions that are not central to the personality yet occur with some regularity and are responsible for much of one’s specific behaviors
Secondary Dispositions
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL: Gordon Allport
- to refer to those behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm, central, and important in their lives. “That is me” or “This is mine”, all characteristics that are “peculiarly mine”
Proporium
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL: Gordon Allport
- represents Allport’s most distinctive and at the same time, most controversial postulate. Some, but not all, human motives are functionally independent from the original motive responsible for the behavior. If a motive is functionally autonomous, it is the explanation for behavior, and one need not look beyond it for hidden or primary causes.
Functional Anatomy
What theory?
-emerged from laboratory studies of animals and humans
-minimized speculation and focused entirely on observable behavior
- avoids all hypothetical constructs, such as ego, traits, drives, needs, hunger and many more.
Behavioral Analysis: B.F. Skinner
TYPES OF CONDITIONING
- a response is draw out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus
Classical conditioning/Respondent Conditioning
TYPES OF CONDITIONING
- a behavior is made more likely to recur when it is immeditely reinforced.
Operant conditioning/Skinnerian Conditioning
OPERANT CONDITIONING CONCEPTS
-any stimulus that, when added to a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will occur.
Positive reinforcement
OPERANT CONDITIONING CONCEPTS
- the removal of an aversive stimulus from a situation also increases the probability that the preceding behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement
OPERANT CONDITIONING CONCEPTS
- presentation of an aversive stimulis to decrease the probability that a behavior will occur
Positive Punishment
OPERANT CONDITIONING CONCEPTS
- removal of a positive reinforcer to decrease the probability that a behavior will occur.
Negative punishment
What theory?
- takes chance encounters and fortuitous events seriously, even while recognizing that these meetings and vents do not invariably alter one’s life path.
-outstanding characteristic of humans is plasticity, that is humans have the flexibility to learn a variety of behaviors in diverse situation.
Social Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura
CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
allows people to acquire new patterns of complex behavior through direct experience by thinking about and evaluating the consequences of their behaviors.
Enactive learning -
CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
- an unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.
Chance encounter
CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
- allows people to learn without performing any behavior
- departs from Skinner in his belief that reinforcement is not essential to learning
1) Attention to a model
2) Organization and retention of observations
3) Behavioral production
4) Motivation to perform the modeled behavior
Observational learning
CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
- is an environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended
Fortitious event
HUMAN AGENCY (Social Cognitive Theory)
- refers to acts a person performs intentionally.
-an intention includes planning, but it also involves action
Intentionality
HUMAN AGENCY (Social Cognitive Theory)
- to set goals, to anticipate likely outcomes of their actions, and to select behaviors that will produce desired outcomes and avoid undersirable ones.
Forethought
HUMAN AGENCY (Social Cognitive Theory)
the process of motivating and regulating their own actions. People not only make choices but they monitor their progress toward fulfilling those choices.
Self-reactiveness -
HUMAN AGENCY (Social Cognitive Theory)
- people are examiners of their own functioning, they can think about and evaluate their motivations, values, and the meanings of their life goals, and they can think about the adequacy of their own thinking.
Self-reflectiveness
HUMAN AGENCY (Social Cognitive Theory)
- belief that they are capable of performing actions that will produce a desired effect.
Self-efficacy
What theory?
- cognitive factors help shape how people will react to environmental forces
-one’s expectations of future events are prime determinants of performance
- human behavior is best predicted from an understnading of the interaction of people with their meaningful environments.
Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel
FIVE BASIC HYPOTHESIS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
1) Humans interact with their meaningful environments
2) Human personality is learned
3) Personality has a basic unity
4) Motivation is goal directed
5) People are capable of anticipating events.
FIVE BASIC HYPOTHESIS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
1) Humans interact with their meaningful environments
2) Human personality is learned
3) Personality has a basic unity
4) Motivation is goal directed
5) People are capable of anticipating events.
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
- the need to be recognized by others and to achieve status in their eyes is a powerful need for most people
Recognition-status
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
- the need to control the behavior of others.
Dominance
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
- the need to be free of the domination of others.
Independence
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
- set of need nearly opposite independence, includes the needs to be cared for by others, to be protected from frustration and harm
Protection-Dependency
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
- needs for acceptance by others that go beyond recognition and status to include some indications that other people have warm
Love and affection
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS (Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel)
- this need includes those behaviors aimed at securing food, good health, and physical security.
Physical comfort
CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENT (LOCUS OF CONTROL: Cognitive Social Learning Theory)
- people believed that they have no control over their environment.
External Locus of Control
CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENT (LOCUS OF CONTROL: Cognitive Social Learning Theory)
- people accept responsibility for everything that happens to them.
Internal Locus of Control
What theory?
- metatheory - theory about theories
- people exist in a real world but their behavior is shaped by their gradually expanding interpretation or construction of the world.
- people are constantly active and that their activity is guided by the way they anticipate events.
Psychology of Personal Constructs: George Kelly
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS: George Kelly
- one’s way of seeing how things (or people) are alike and yet different from other things (or people)
Personal Construct
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS: George Kelly
- people’s behaviors (thoughts and actions) are directed by the way they see the future.
Basic postulate
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people anticipate future events according to their interpretations of recurrent themes.
construction corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people have different experiences and therefore construe events in different ways.
individuality corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people organize their personal constructs in hierchical system, with some constructs in superordinate positions and others subordinate positions and others subordinate to them
Organization corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people construe events in an either-or manner .
dichotomy corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that they see as extending their range of future choices.
Choice corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- constructs are limited to a particular rang of convenience that is they are not relevant to all situations.
Range corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience.
Experience corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- some new experiences do not lead to a revision of personal constructs because they are too concrete or impermeable
Modulation corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
people’s behavior is sometimes inconsistent because their construct system can readily admit incompatible elements.
fragmentation corollary -
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- to the extent that we have and experiences similar to other people’s experiences, our personal constructs tend to be similar to the construction systems of those people.
commonality corollary
SUPPORTING COROLLARIES (Psychology of Personal Construct: George Kelly)
- people are able to communicate with other people because they can construe other people’s construction.
Sociality corollary
