TPQUALIFYING Flashcards
-refers to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas
Persona
- pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior
Personality
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- posture, built, size, complexion, facial expression
Physical/external domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- how the person talks, range of ideas, thins people talk about, mental alertness
mental/cognitive domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
likes and dislikes, aggressive (tendency to inflict harm) or docile (submissive), how people respond when things become difficult, how easily people give up to anger, how people handle stress, sense of humor.
emotional domain -
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- social contact
Social domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- right and wrong, do’s and don’ts
moral domain
DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY
- higher value in life, religion, philosophy in life
spiritual domain
- set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.
Theory
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- how wide range and diverse
Comprehensiveness
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- constructs that are clearly and explicitly defined, stated in clear language
Precision and testability
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- contain only those constructs, relational statements and assumptions necessary for the explanation of the phenomena within its domain.
Parsimony
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- must have data to support it
empirical validity
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- stimulates and provokes further theorizing and research
heuristic value
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
- leads to new approaches to the solution of people’s problem
applied value
A USEFUL THEORY:
1) Generates research
2) is falsifiable
3) Organizes data
4) Guides action
5) is internally consistent
6) is parsimonious
A USEFUL THEORY:
1) Generates research
2) is falsifiable
3) Organizes data
4) Guides action
5) is internally consistent
6) is parsimonious
What theory?
- focuses on the unconscious motivations of behavior
- involves looking at childhood experiences to discover how these events might have shaped the individual and how they contribute to current actions
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund freud/Psychodynamic theories)
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious (selective forgetting)
Repression -
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- reverting back to immature behavior fron an earlier stage of development
Regression
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target.
Displacement
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior
Sublimation
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Psychoanalytic theory/Sigmund freud)
- creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts or behavior
Rationalization
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- pleasure centers on the mouth. Sucking, biting chewing.
1) Oral receptive - very trusting and dependent
2) Oral aggressive - aggressive and dominating
Oral (0-2)
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
Anal (2-3)
1) Anal expulsive - emotional, rebellious, messy
2) Anal retentive - mean, stubborn, obsessively tidy
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- pleasure focuses on sexual organs. Realization of the difference between male and female, becomes aware of sexuality
Phallic (3-7)
1) Phallic personality - self assured, vain, impulsive
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- sexual urges are repressed, sublimated to socially accepted behavior such as sports and arts.
Latency (7-11)
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- the growing adolescent shakes of old dependencies. Learn to deal maturely with the opposite sex
Genital (11 and above)
1) Genital personality - well adjusted, mature, able to love and be loved.
What theory?
- people are born with weak, inferior bodies - a condition that leads to feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence on other people
- the dynamic force behind behavior is the striving for success and superiority
- the value of human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest
Individual Psychology (alfred adler)
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- some people strive for____ with little or no concern for others. Their goals are personal one.
- some people create clever disguises for their personal striving and self centeredness behind the cloak of social concern
Striving for personal Superiority
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- psychologically health people are motivated by social interest and success of all humankind. They are concerned with goals beyond themselves.
Striving for success
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- belief system
- our most important ____ is the goal of superiority or success, a goal we created early in life and may not be clearly understood
Fictionalism
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- even after growth and overcoming physical deficiencies, people still act as if they are still small, weak, and inferior
Physical Inferiorities
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- the disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation, it affects the entire person. People often use a physical disorder to express their style of life.
Organ dialect
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- ___ is the part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood
______ are those that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving success
Conscious and Unconscious
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- social interest
- an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as empathy for each member of the human community
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- flavor of a person’s life. Includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world
- it is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and person’s creative power.
Style of life
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- each person empowered to create his or her own style of life. They are responsible for who they are and how they behave. It is responsible for their final goal.
Creative power
CONCEPTS RELATED IN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)
- set their goals too high
- live in their own private life
- have rigid and domatic way of life
Abnormal development
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT (alfred adler: individual psychology)
- whether congenital, injury, or disease are not sufficient to lead to maladjustment. They tend to be overly concerned with themselves and lack consideration for others.
Exaggerated physical deficiencies
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT (alfred adler: individual psychology)
- have a weak socia interest but a strong desire to perpetuate to be pampered. Parasitic relationship they originally had with one or both of their parents
Pampered style of life
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT (alfred adler: individual psychology)
- children who feel unloved and unwanted are likely to borrow from these feelings in creating a ___ style of life
Neglect style of life
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- most common “yes, but” or “if only”
Excuses
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- tendency to undervalue other people’s achievement and overvalue one’s own
Depreciation (Aggression)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- blaming others
Accusation (Aggression)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- blaming yourself
Self accusation (Aggression)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- reverting to a more secure period of life
Moving backward (withdrawal)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- similar to moving backward, but not as severe
Standing still (Withdrawal)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- some people hesitate or vacillate when faced with difficult problems.
Hesitating (withdrawal)
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (Alfred Adler:Individual Psychology)
- creating your own problems and solving them just to prove that your can solve problems
Constructing obstacles (withdrawal)
What theory?
- each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from ancestors
Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE (Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung)
- those that are sensed by the ego
Conscious
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE (Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung)
- all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. Contents of the ___ are called complexes.
Personal unconscious
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE (Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung)
- has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. Responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs.
Collective unconscious
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- are ancient or archaic images generalized and derived from the contents of the collective unconscious
- they should also be distinguished from instincts
Archetypes
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- are individualized components of the personal unconscious
an unconscious organized set of memories, associations, fantasies, expectations, and behavior patterns or tendencies around a core element which is accompanied by strong emotions.
Complexes
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- an unconscious physical impluse toward actions, and archetype is the psychic counterpart this
Instincts
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- the side of personality that people show to the world.
Persona
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- the feminine side of men orginates in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness. Represents irrational moods and feelings.
Anima
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- The masculine archetype in women
-symbolic of thinking and reasoning
Animus
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others.
Shadow -
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god. Fights agains freat odds, but has a tragic flaw.
Hero
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- this preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings.
Great mother
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. Also symbolized by life itself.
Wise old man
CONCEPTS IN ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG)
- archetype of archetypes, inherited tendecny to move towards growth, perfection, and completions.. Symbolized by the “mandala”
Self
What theory?
- loving relationship between parent and child
- human contact and relatedness are the prime motives of behavior
- less emphasis on biologically based drives, more on consistent interpersonal relationships
- drives aim to reduce tension; achieve pleasure
- the mother or the breast is the model of all interpersonal relationships
Object relations theory (Melanie Klein)
CONCEPTS IN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Melanie Klein)
- psychic representations of unconscious id instincts.
- infants possess an active phantasy life
- thumb sucking = good breast
- crying and kicking = bad breast
Phantasies
CONCEPTS IN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Melanie Klein)
- drives must have an object
- children relate to these external ____ (breast) both in fantasy and reality
Objects
CONCEPTS IN OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Melanie Klein)
- ways of dealing with internal and external objects
- positions alternate back and forth
Positions
TWO BASIC POSITONS (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
___: detachment and avoidance of social contact
3-4 months of life
- an infant comes into contat with both the good breast and bad breast.
- an infant desires to control the breast by devouring and harboring it
- an infant’s innate destructive urges creates a fantasy of destroying the breast by biting, tearing, ir annihilating it.
- “persecurotory breast” - fear or death instinct
- Paranoid-Schizoid Position
TWO BASIC POSITONS (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
5-6 months of life
-anxiety of losing a loved object paired with guilt for wanting to destroy that object
- infants can see the good and bad in the same person
- devlops a more realistic picture of the mother who can be both good and bad.
- the ego starts to tolerate its own destructiveness rather than projecting it to others.
- realization that the mother might go away and be lost forever
- empathy is felt
- depressive position is reseolved when children fantasize that they have made reperation with their mother and that she will not go away permanently.
- Depressive Position
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- attempt to incorporate the mother’s breast into the infant’s body
1) Introjection
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- fantasy that one’s own feelings and impulses actually reside in another person.
2) Projection
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- keeping apart incompatible impulses. Enables people to see both positive and negative aspects of themselves
3) Splitting
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM (Objects relations theory: Melanie Klein)
- project to others the negative, introject to self the positive.
4) Projective Identification
Attachment Styles theory (John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth)
- when their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact: For example, they will go over to their mother and want to be held.
Secure attachment
Attachment Styles theory (John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth)
- infants are ambivalent. When their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset, and when their mother returns they seek contact with her but reject attempts at being soothed.
Anxious attachment
Attachment Styles theory (John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth)
- infants stay calm when their mother leaves: They accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her.
Avoidant attachment
What theory?
- takes place in the social environment
- personality is influenced by social and cultural forces
-people are motivated by needs for security and love
Psychoanalytic Social Theory: Karen Horney
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY (Karen Horney)
- being alone and helpless in a hostile world
Basic anxiety
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- trying to do whatever the other person wants, trying to bribe others, threatening others into providing the desired affection.
Securing Affection and love
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- involves complying with the wishes either of one particular person, or of everyone in our social environment.
Being submissive
Coping Mechanisms (Psychoanalytic social theory: Karen horney)
- a person compensates for helplessness and achieve security through success or superiority. If they have power, no one will harm them
Attaining power