CGSY4 Flashcards
is the use of an organized means of combining words in order to communicate.
Language
is the psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind. It considers both production and comprehension of language.
Psycholinguistics
Properties of language
Language permits us to communicate with one or more people who share our language
Communicative:
Properties of language
Language creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and its referent: an idea, a thing, a process, a relationship, or a description.
Arbitrarily symbolic
Properties of language
Language has a structure; only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning, and different arrangements yield different meanings.
Regularly structured:
Properties of language
The structure of language can be analyzed at more than one level ( e.g., in sounds, in meaning units, in words, in phrases) .
Structured at multiple levels:
Properties of language
Within the limits of a linguistic structure, language users can produce novel utterances. The possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless
Generative, productive:
Properties of language
Languages constantly evolve.
Dynamic:
refers to deriving the meaning from whatever symbolic the reference system is being used (e.g., while listening or reading).
Decoding
refer to both semantic and nonsemantic ____of information into a form that can be stored in both working memory and long-term memory.
encoding
are the words that convey the bulk of the meaning of a language.
Content morphemes
add detail and nuance to the meaning of the content morphemes or help the content morphemes fit the grammatical context.
Function morphemes
refers to the way in which users of a particular language put words together to form sentences.
Syntax
, which contains at least one noun (often the subject of the sentence) and includes all the relevant descriptors of the noun.
noun phrase
which contains at least one verb and whatever the verb acts on if anything.
verb phrase/predicate
is the strict dictionary definition of a word
denotation
is a word’s emotional overtones, presuppositions, and other non-explicit meanings.
Connotation
- ___ which comprises mostly vowel sounds
- ____which comprises consonant as well as vowel sounds; to most people’s ears, the babbling of infants growing up among speakers from different language groups sound very similar
3 . ___ these utterances are limited in both the vowels and the consonants they utilize
- Two-word utterances and telegraphic speech
- Basic adult sentence structure, with continuing vocabulary acquisition
Cooing,
Babbling,
One-word utterances;
children loosely follow what they hear. This phenomenon is referred to as _____
modeling.
Children hear utterances and associate those utterances with particular objects and events in their environment.
Conditioning
are used to identify letters and words. They also activate relevant information in memory about these words.
Lexical processes
are used to make sense of the text as a whole .
Comprehension processes
are like a series of “snapshots” and variable of length
Readers _____ for a longer time on longer words than on shorter words. They also fixate longer on less familiar words (i.e., words that appear less frequently in the English language) than on more familiar words (i.e., words of higher frequency).
Fixations
The last word of a sentence also seems to receive an extra long fixation time. This can be called
“sentence wrap-up time
-the identification of a word that allows us to gain access to the meaning of the word from memory.
lexical access
Words Recognition Models
happens when letters are read more easily when they are embedded in words than when they are presented either in isolation or with letters that do not form words.
Word- superiority effect
Words Recognition Models
is observed is that people take about twice as long to read unrelated words as to read words in a sentence
Sentence-superiority effect
Bilingualism & Dialectics
a second language is acquired in addition to a relatively well-developed first language.
additive bilingualism-
Bilingualism & Dialectics
elements of a second language replace elements of the first language.
subtractive bilingualism-
Bilingualism & Dialectics
occurs when a child learns two languages from birth
simultaneous bilingualism-
Bilingualism & Dialectics
occurs when an individual first learns one language and then another
sequential bilingualism-
The ____suggests that two languages are represented in just one system or brain region
single-system hypothesis
____suggests that two languages are represented somehow in separate systems of the mind.
Dual-system hypothesis
____is a regional variety of a language distinguished by featu’res such as vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation.
Dialect
various kinds of slips of the tongue
speaker uses a language element before i t i s appropriate in the sentence because it corresponds to an element that will be needed later in the utterance.
In anticipation-
various kinds of slips of the tongue
speaker uses a language element that was appropriate earlier in the sentence but that is not appropriate later on
In perseveration-
various kinds of slips of the tongue
- speaker substitutes one language element for another
In substitution
various kinds of slips of the tongue
( also called “transposition”), the speaker switches the positions of two language elements.
In reversal
various kinds of slips of the tongue
in which the initial sounds of two words are reversed and make two entirely different words
Spoonerisms-
various kinds of slips of the tongue
one word is replaced by another that is similar in sound but different in meaning
In malapropism-
various kinds of slips of the tongue
slips may occur because of insertions of sounds
Insertion-
Speech Acts Categories
A _____ is a speech act by which a person conveys a belief that a given proposition is true.
speech act is representative
Speech Acts Categories
. A _____represents an attempt by a speaker to get a listener to do something.
speech act is directive
Speech Acts Categories
In uttering a____ the speaker is committing himself or herself to some future course of action.
speech act is commissive,
Speech Acts Categories
. An _____ is a statement regarding the speaker’s psychological state.
expressive
maxims of conversation
you should make your contribution t o a conversation as informative as required but no more informative than is appropriate.
Maxim of Quantity,
maxims of conversation
your contribution to a conversation should be truthful. You are expected to say what you believe to be the case.
Maxim of Quality,
maxims of conversation
you should make your contributions to a conversation relevant to the aims of the conversation.
Maxim of Relation,
maxims of conversation
, you should be clear and try to avoid obscure expressions, vague utterances, and purposeful obfuscation of your point.
Maxim of Manner
is the process by which we translate sensory information into a meaningful representation that we perceive.
Semantic encoding
is the process by which we translate sensory information into a meaningful representation that we perceive.
Semantic encoding
- the study of language structure and
change.
Linguistics
the study of the relationships
among the brain, cognition, and language
Neurolinguistics-
the study of the relationship
between social behavior and language.
Sociolinguistics-
which is the study of language via computational
methods
Computational Linguistics And Psycholinguistics-
refers to the quality of
“being determined by randomness and
not for a specific reason.”
Language is ____because a
language form does not have an innate
or natural relationship with its meaning.
Arbitrariness
The thing or concept in the real world that a
word refers to is called
referent.
-analyze auditory signals
-go to higher-level processing
using context to help figure out
what is heard
Phonetic Refinement Theory
-Three levels of feature detection:
a. Acoustic features
b. Phonemes
c. Words
-Then use spreading activation
TRACE model (like network model)
Complementary to syntax is ____ the
study of meaning in a language. A
_____ would be concerned with how
words and sentences express meaning.
semantics,
