CGSY3 Flashcards
a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body.
Sensation:
way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced.
Perception:
are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli.
Sensory receptors
The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as_____
transduction
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an ___
if I were to give you a pile of five marshmallows and then give you one more, you’d probably notice the difference.
absolute threshold
it is also possible for us to get messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness—these are called ____, for example drawings or photos that contain hidden or subtle images, such as words spelled out in clouds in the background.
Subliminal messages
is how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them. This is known as the _____
ex: the absolute threshold for detecting light is greater than you probably imagined—the human eye can see a candle on a clear night up to 30 miles away!
just noticeable difference or difference threshold
____refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input, for example if you see an image of an individual letter on your screen, your eyes transmit the information to your brain, and your brain puts all of this information together
Bottom-up processing
it is how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts, this is called_____, for example understanding difficult handwriting is easier when reading complete sentences than when reading single and isolated words. This is because the meaning of the surrounding words provide a context to aid understanding.
top-down processing
James Gibson (1966, 1979)
The ___object is the object in the external world (e.g., a falling tree).
The event of the tree falling creates a pattern on an ______
The ____ could be sound waves, as in the sound of the falling tree. The in______ might also be reflected light, chemical molecules, or tactile information coming from the environment.
For example, when the information from light waves comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptors of the eyes, proximal (near) stimulation occurs (i.e., the cells in your retina absorb the light waves).
Perception occurs when a____ (i.e., what you see) is created in you that reflects the properties of the external world. That is, an image of a falling tree is created on your retina that reflects the falling tree that is in front of you.
distal (far)
informational medium
perceptual object
Failure to notice is _____
Example:Even though you think you are paying attention to the road, you fail to notice a car swerve into your lane of traffic, resulting in a traffic accident.
inattentional blindness,
The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background is called_____ For example if we have an old car, we may hear clunks even when the car is operating effectively, or even tinnitus in our ear, or something rustling in the trunk. The signal is what you are trying to detect.
signal detection theory.
-Responsible for the reception of information from the external world . Is composed of highly specialized cells called sensory receptors in the skin, tongue, ears , eyes and other parts of the body.
Sensory System
: height of a wave. How much a radio wave moves back and forth
is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point
amplitude
length of a wave from one peak to the next peak
wavelength:
are forms of moving energy made of tiny microscopic particles called photons.
Light waves
is probably the most important of all electromagnetic waves for most of us.
Visible light
is the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see, for example incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent, and neon lights
visible spectrum
encompasses all of the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment and includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves,
electromagnetic spectrum
is an ability to perceive differences between light composed of different wavelengths independently of light intensity
Color vision
Normal-sighted individuals have three different types of cones that mediate color vision. Each of these cone types is maximally sensitive to a slightly different wavelength of light, according to the ____
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision.
This theory suggested that color vision is based on three primary colors: red, green, and blue. According to this theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red.
For example, we do see yellowish-greens and reddish-yellows, but we never see reddish-green or yellowish-blue color hues.
opponent-process theory,
describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus
afterimage
three different types of cones
The first responds the most to light of longer wavelengths, peaking at about 560 nm;
L-cones-
three different types of cones
The second most common type responds the most to light of medium-wavelength, peaking at 530 nm
M-cones -
three different types of cones
The third type responds the most to short-wavelength light, peaking at 420 nm
S-cones-
ability to perceive depth.
Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space
Depth perception:
is the inability to see in 3D using stereopsis, or stereo vision, resulting in an inability to perceive stereoscopic depth by combining and comparing images from the two eyes.
Stereo blindness
refers to the neural integration or combination of information from different sensory modalities
For example, writing helps some students improve their listening skills. It has also been shown that reading helps students develop competence in writing. Practice in one modality often results in improved competence in other modalities
Multimodal (or multisensory) integration
Vision is not an encapsulated system. It interacts with and depends on other sensory modalities.. This reflex is called the_____ For example, when the head moves to the right, the eyes move to the left, meaning the image a person sees stays the same even though the head has turned.
vestibulo-ocular reflex,
____occurs when one sensory signal gives rise to two or more sensations.
Hearing music and seeing colors in your mind
Synesthesia
the faculty of perceiving sounds.
Hearing-
Pitch is an aspect of auditory perception and the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound.
Pitch Perception-
The _____ asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron,
For example, a pure tone of 100 Hz has a period of 10 ms.
temporal theory of pitch perception
The ____ suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies, For example, a sound that measures 6,000 hertz would stimulate the spot along the basilar membrane that possesses a characteristic frequency of 6,000 hertz.
place theory of pitch perception
___is an organism’s ability to determine the location of a sound and where it originates from directionally.
Sound Localization -
is a partial or total inability to hear. ____may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards.
hearing loss
is the partial or complete inability to hear
Deafness
____ is the set of social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication.
Deaf culture
are sensations that result when specialized nerve receptors in the mouth and nose detect molecules.
Taste and smell
is the sense by which we determine the characteristics of objects: size, shape, and texture.
-Touch
is the sensation and perception of temperature, or more accurately, temperature differences inferred from heat flux.
Thermoreception
is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the human brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.
illusion
states that the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything. As the environment supplies us with all the information we need for perception, this view is sometimes also called ecological perception. In other words, we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experiences and our perceptions.
We use texture gradients as cues for depth and distance. Those cues aid us to perceive directly the relative proximity or distance of objects and of parts of objects.
ex: falling tree
James J. Gibson’s theory of direct perception
suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates- highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize. We recognize a pattern by comparing it with our set of templates. We then choose the exact the template that perfectly matches what we observe
Fingerprints
Universal product codes (UPCs or “bar codes”)
Chess players (alam mo na yung pattern kapag matagal kana naglalaro)
belong to the group of chunk-based theories that suggest that expertise is attained by acquiring chunks of knowledge in long-term memory that can later be accessed for fast recognition.
Template theories/Template matching theories
___ is an alternative explanation of pattern and form perception wherein we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.
ex: alam natin na kapag may horns ay devil yun (feature nya is horn)
Feature Matching theories
____ we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons (for geometrical ions). You know that a small set of letters can be manipulated to compose countless words and sentences.
You can recognize the car even if you can’t see all of the geons because the car is partly obscured by another object in front of it. Because the geons are viewpoint-invariant, you will also recognize the car even if you look at it from the side or from behind.
recognition-by-components (RBC) theory,
