Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Picornavirus

(Small Or Large?) family of viruses which consist of ____viruses and ______viruses.

One of the (smallest or largest?) group of viruses

Large

Entero; Rhino

Smallest

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Picornavirus

Genome:

(Single or double?) stranded (linear or circular?), (positive or negative ?) sense RNA, 7.2 – 8.4Kb in size.

Single

Linear

Positive

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Picornavirus

Protein:_____ major polypeptides cleaved from a large precursor polyprotein.

Four

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Picornavirus
Protein

Surface capsid proteins _____ and ____ are major antibody-binding sites.

____ is an internal protein

VP1 and VP3

VP4

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Picornavirus
Protein

Structure:

_________ symmetry

Capsid shell of ____ subunits)

(enveloped or naked?)

Replication in the ————

Icosahedral

Naked

cytoplasm

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Enteroviruses

Poliovirus types _____
Echoviruses types ______
Enteroviruses __
Rhinovirus _______
Coxsackie viruses A types _______
Coxsackie viruses B types _____
Human enteroviruses ______ infect man

1 – 3

1 – 33

68-116

A – C

1 – 24

1 – 6

A – D

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Paramyxovirus

________, pleomorphic, ____ nm or more in diameter

______ nucleocapsid, 13 or 18 nm)

(Single or double?) -stranded RNA

(linear or circular ?)

(Segmented or nonsegmented?)

(Positive or negative?) sense, about 15 kb

Spherical; 150

helical ; Single ; Linear

NonSegmented; negative

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Paramyxovirus

•Envelope contains viral glycoprotein
(___,____,_____)

-which sometimes carries ______ or _______ activity)
-________ glycoprotein

G, H, or HN

hemagglutinin or neuraminidase

Fusion (F)

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Paramyxovirus

Replication: __________ , particles bud from ___________

Cytoplasm

plasma membrane

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Classification of paramyxovirus

_____virus
____virus
_____virus
_____virus

Respiro

Rubula

Morbili

Pneumo

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Classification of paramyxovirus
Respirovirus

•____________
•___________

Human Parainfluenza virus 1
Human Parainfluenza virus 3

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Classification of paramyxovirus

Rubulavirus
•_____________
•______________
•________________

Morbilivirus
•__________ virus

Human Parainfluenza virus 2
Human Parainfluenza virus 4
Mumps virus

Measles

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Classification of paramyxovirus

Pneumovirus
•_______________________
•_____________________

Human respiratory syncytial virus

Human metapneumovirus

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Introduction

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) represents the most common (acute or chronic ?) illness evaluated in the outpatient setting.

Acute

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Introduction

_________ account for most of the URI Common in children

Viruses

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Types of upper respiratory tract infection

Rhinitis: Inflammation of the ________

Rhinosinusitis or sinusitis: Inflammation of the ___________ and _________ , including ______,_____,________, and ________

nasal mucosa

nares and paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid

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Types of upper respiratory tract infection

Nasopharyngitis : Inflammation of the ______________________________________

Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the ________,__________ ,_______,_______

nares, pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils

pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils

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Nasopharyngitis (____________ or _____________)

rhinopharyngitis

The common cold

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Types of upper respiratory tract infection

Epiglottitis (supraglottitis): Inflammation of the _________________ and ________

Laryngitis: Inflammation of the _____

superior portion of the larynx and supraglottic area

larynx

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Types of upper respiratory tract infection

Croup or Laryngotracheobronchitis: Inflammation of the ______,_______,_______

Tracheitis: Inflammation of the _______,_______

larynx, trachea, and subglottic area

trachea and subglottic area

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Aetiology

Nasopharyngitis (common cold)

• ______virus, ___________virus, _____virus, Enterovirus, ______ virus

•____________ virus, Human _________virus, _______ virus

Rhino; Human Corona; Adeno; Parainfluenza

Respiratory syncytial ; metapneumo

Influenza

Aetiology

Viral pharyngitis

•______virus, ____virus, ______ virus, _______ virus, _____virus, ______virus

Adeno

Entero

Influenza

Herpes simplex

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein Barr

Pathophysiology

•___________ of the upper respiratory tract

Direct invasion

Pathophysiology

•Transmission

________ of ________ through coughing, sneezing

Touching your nose or mouth with _________

•Viral _______ at the site of entry

Inhalation of respiratory droplets

infected hands

replication

Pathophysiology After Viral replication at the site of entry Spread locally over the ________ ___________ of the immune system to invading pathogens leads to ____,_______ and _________

epithelial surfaces Inflammatory response Erythema, local swelling, secretions

Pathophysiology Virus is shed in respiratory secretions Incubation period • Rhinovirus: ___________ • Influenza and Parainfluenza virus: ______ days • RSV: ____ days

1 – 5 days 1 – 4 7

Protective mechanism ____ lining the nose _____ and _____ some pathogens ______ trapping potential invaders ______ cells lower in the respiratory tract trap and transport pathogens up to the _________

Hair; filters and traps Mucus Ciliated; pharynx

Protective mechanism Ciliated cells lower in the respiratory tract trap and transport pathogens up to the pharynx; from there they are __________________ Collection of _____ cells: _______ and ——— Secretory ____

swallowed into the stomach lymphoid adenoids and tonsils IgA

Most common infectious illness in the general population are ?????

URTI

________ represent the most frequent (acute or chronic ?) diagnosis in the clinics

URTI Acute

common cold is most common in (children or adults?) .

Children

Epidemiology (Small Or Large?) reservoir are found in children at schools _____ viral respiratory illnesses per year

Large 3-8

Cold weather = more people sick with URTI T/F With reasons

Cold weather results in more time spent indoors (eg, at work, home, school) and close exposure to others who may be infected. Most viral URI agents thrive in the low humidity that is characteristic of winter months.

Clinical features Nasopharyngitis ________, nasal ______ or ________, sneezing, persistent, __________ discharge, especially if accompanied by _______ or _______ in the nares, may indicate ______ infection,

Rhinorrhoea congestion or obstruction purulent nasal crusts or sores ; bacterial

Clinical features Nasopharyngitis _____ from post nasal drips _______ breathing Headache Mild fever: children

Cough Mouth

Clinical features Pharyngitis ____ throat, ____ on swallowing, fever, _____ , headache (Exudates or transudates?) , vesicles cervical lymphadenopathy

Sore; pain; myalgia Exudates

Clinical features Rhinosinusitis ______ discharge, _____ pain, nasal _______, _____ mouth, ____ breath,

Nasal; facial obstruction dry ; foul

Clinical features Croup _____ or ______ swallowing ————— in the throat ________ or ________ ______ cough Myalgia

Painful or difficult Sensation of lump Hoarseness or loss of voice Barking

Llaboratory diagnosis Is needed for most viral URI in the outpatient setting T/F

F Not needed for most viral URI in the outpatient setting

Llaboratory diagnosis Important for pharyngitis to exclude _________________________ URI due to _________________ since antiviral therapy is available

Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis Herpes simplex virus and Influenza virus

Llaboratory diagnosis Is needed for Symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks T/F

Llaboratory diagnosis: Specimen ______ swab, ________ swab or _______ , ______ swab or aspirate, Virus culture Rapid antigen test Immunoflourescence test Polymerase chain reaction

Throat; nasopharyngeal aspirate; nasal

Treatment _______ is not used to treat viral URI

Antibiotics

Treatment _______-based therapy represents the mainstay of viral URI Nasal _______ ____________(for infants), Avoidance of _______ (eg, cigarette smoke, indoor and outdoor air pollutants)

Symptom decongestants Bulb suction nasal irritants

Treatment Warm, moist air, Nasal saline, Hydration, Warm facial packs T/F

Treatment ________ inhalation Take (short or long?) , (cold or hot?) showers

Steam Long Hot

Treatment Use a ________ to increase humidity in rooms Saline gargle Drinking _____,________ etc

vaporizer hot tea, beverages

Prevention Respiratory hygiene Cover your mouth and nose with ————— or _________ when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose the used tissue immediately.

tissue or your bent elbow

Prevention Hand hygiene – Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with ______-based hand rub or wash them with __________.

an alcohol soap and water

Do not sneeze or cough into handkerchiefs T/F