Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract Flashcards
Picornavirus
(Small Or Large?) family of viruses which consist of ____viruses and ______viruses.
One of the (smallest or largest?) group of viruses
Large
Entero; Rhino
Smallest
Picornavirus
Genome:
(Single or double?) stranded (linear or circular?), (positive or negative ?) sense RNA, 7.2 – 8.4Kb in size.
Single
Linear
Positive
Picornavirus
Protein:_____ major polypeptides cleaved from a large precursor polyprotein.
Four
Picornavirus
Protein
Surface capsid proteins _____ and ____ are major antibody-binding sites.
____ is an internal protein
VP1 and VP3
VP4
Picornavirus
Protein
Structure:
_________ symmetry
Capsid shell of ____ subunits)
(enveloped or naked?)
Replication in the ————
Icosahedral
60
Naked
cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
Poliovirus types _____
Echoviruses types ______
Enteroviruses __
Rhinovirus _______
Coxsackie viruses A types _______
Coxsackie viruses B types _____
Human enteroviruses ______ infect man
1 – 3
1 – 33
68-116
A – C
1 – 24
1 – 6
A – D
Paramyxovirus
________, pleomorphic, ____ nm or more in diameter
______ nucleocapsid, 13 or 18 nm)
(Single or double?) -stranded RNA
(linear or circular ?)
(Segmented or nonsegmented?)
(Positive or negative?) sense, about 15 kb
Spherical; 150
helical ; Single ; Linear
NonSegmented; negative
Paramyxovirus
•Envelope contains viral glycoprotein
(___,____,_____)
-which sometimes carries ______ or _______ activity)
-________ glycoprotein
G, H, or HN
hemagglutinin or neuraminidase
Fusion (F)
Paramyxovirus
Replication: __________ , particles bud from ___________
Cytoplasm
plasma membrane
Classification of paramyxovirus
_____virus
____virus
_____virus
_____virus
Respiro
Rubula
Morbili
Pneumo
Classification of paramyxovirus
Respirovirus
•____________
•___________
Human Parainfluenza virus 1
Human Parainfluenza virus 3
Classification of paramyxovirus
Rubulavirus
•_____________
•______________
•________________
Morbilivirus
•__________ virus
Human Parainfluenza virus 2
Human Parainfluenza virus 4
Mumps virus
Measles
Classification of paramyxovirus
Pneumovirus
•_______________________
•_____________________
Human respiratory syncytial virus
Human metapneumovirus
Introduction
Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) represents the most common (acute or chronic ?) illness evaluated in the outpatient setting.
Acute
Introduction
_________ account for most of the URI Common in children
Viruses
Types of upper respiratory tract infection
Rhinitis: Inflammation of the ________
Rhinosinusitis or sinusitis: Inflammation of the ___________ and _________ , including ______,_____,________, and ________
nasal mucosa
nares and paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid
Types of upper respiratory tract infection
Nasopharyngitis : Inflammation of the ______________________________________
Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the ________,__________ ,_______,_______
nares, pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils
pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils
Nasopharyngitis (____________ or _____________)
rhinopharyngitis
The common cold
Types of upper respiratory tract infection
Epiglottitis (supraglottitis): Inflammation of the _________________ and ________
Laryngitis: Inflammation of the _____
superior portion of the larynx and supraglottic area
larynx
Types of upper respiratory tract infection
Croup or Laryngotracheobronchitis: Inflammation of the ______,_______,_______
Tracheitis: Inflammation of the _______,_______
larynx, trachea, and subglottic area
trachea and subglottic area
Aetiology
Nasopharyngitis (common cold)
• ______virus, ___________virus, _____virus, Enterovirus, ______ virus
•____________ virus, Human _________virus, _______ virus
Rhino; Human Corona; Adeno; Parainfluenza
Respiratory syncytial ; metapneumo
Influenza
Aetiology
Viral pharyngitis
•______virus, ____virus, ______ virus, _______ virus, _____virus, ______virus
Adeno
Entero
Influenza
Herpes simplex
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein Barr
Pathophysiology
•___________ of the upper respiratory tract
Direct invasion
Pathophysiology
•Transmission
________ of ________ through coughing, sneezing
Touching your nose or mouth with _________
•Viral _______ at the site of entry
Inhalation of respiratory droplets
infected hands
replication
Pathophysiology
After Viral replication at the site of entry
Spread locally over the ________
___________ of the immune system to invading pathogens leads to ____,_______ and _________
epithelial surfaces
Inflammatory response
Erythema, local swelling, secretions
Pathophysiology
Virus is shed in respiratory secretions
Incubation period
• Rhinovirus: ___________
• Influenza and Parainfluenza virus: ______ days
• RSV: ____ days
1 – 5 days
1 – 4
7
Protective mechanism
____ lining the nose _____ and _____ some pathogens
______ trapping potential invaders
______ cells lower in the respiratory tract trap and transport pathogens up to the _________
Hair; filters and traps
Mucus
Ciliated; pharynx
Protective mechanism
Ciliated cells lower in the respiratory tract trap and transport pathogens up to the pharynx; from there they are __________________
Collection of _____ cells: _______ and ———
Secretory ____
swallowed into the stomach
lymphoid
adenoids and tonsils
IgA
Most common infectious illness in the general population are ?????
URTI
________ represent the most frequent (acute or chronic ?) diagnosis in the clinics
URTI
Acute
common cold is most common in (children or adults?) .
Children
Epidemiology
(Small Or Large?) reservoir are found in children at schools
_____ viral respiratory illnesses per year
Large
3-8
Cold weather = more people sick with URTI
T/F
With reasons
Cold weather results in more time spent indoors (eg, at work, home, school) and close exposure to others who may be infected.
Most viral URI agents thrive in the low humidity that is characteristic of winter months.
Clinical features
Nasopharyngitis
________, nasal ______ or ________, sneezing,
persistent, __________ discharge, especially if accompanied by _______ or _______ in the nares, may indicate ______ infection,
Rhinorrhoea
congestion or obstruction
purulent nasal
crusts or sores ; bacterial
Clinical features
Nasopharyngitis
_____ from post nasal drips
_______ breathing
Headache
Mild fever: children
Cough
Mouth
Clinical features
Pharyngitis
____ throat, ____ on swallowing, fever, _____ , headache
(Exudates or transudates?) , vesicles cervical lymphadenopathy
Sore; pain; myalgia
Exudates
Clinical features
Rhinosinusitis
______ discharge, _____ pain, nasal _______, _____ mouth, ____ breath,
Nasal; facial
obstruction
dry ; foul
Clinical features
Croup
_____ or ______ swallowing
————— in the throat
________ or ________
______ cough
Myalgia
Painful or difficult
Sensation of lump
Hoarseness or loss of voice
Barking
Llaboratory diagnosis
Is needed for most viral URI in the outpatient setting
T/F
F
Not needed for most viral URI in the outpatient setting
Llaboratory diagnosis
Important for pharyngitis to exclude _________________________
URI due to _________________ since antiviral therapy is available
Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis
Herpes simplex virus and Influenza virus
Llaboratory diagnosis
Is needed for Symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks
T/F
T
Llaboratory diagnosis: Specimen
______ swab, ________ swab or _______ , ______ swab or aspirate,
Virus culture
Rapid antigen test
Immunoflourescence test
Polymerase chain reaction
Throat; nasopharyngeal
aspirate; nasal
Treatment
_______ is not used to treat viral URI
Antibiotics
Treatment
_______-based therapy represents the mainstay of viral URI
Nasal _______
____________(for infants), Avoidance of _______ (eg, cigarette smoke, indoor and outdoor air pollutants)
Symptom
decongestants
Bulb suction
nasal irritants
Treatment
Warm, moist air, Nasal saline, Hydration, Warm facial packs
T/F
T
Treatment
________ inhalation
Take (short or long?) , (cold or hot?) showers
Steam
Long
Hot
Treatment
Use a ________ to increase humidity in rooms Saline gargle
Drinking _____,________ etc
vaporizer
hot tea, beverages
Prevention
Respiratory hygiene
Cover your mouth and nose with ————— or _________ when you cough or sneeze.
Then dispose the used tissue immediately.
tissue or your bent elbow
Prevention
Hand hygiene – Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands
with ______-based hand rub or wash them with __________.
an alcohol
soap and water
Do not sneeze or cough into handkerchiefs
T/F
T
