Leprosy Flashcards
Leprosy
It is a/an (acute or chronic?) infectious disease caused by ________, an ________, ______ shaped bacillus.
chronic; M.leprae
acid fast
rod
Leprosy
It mainly affects the ———-,___________ and mucosa of the —————- etc.,
It has left behind a terrifying image in history and human memory of _______,________, and _____________
skin, peripheral nerves,
respiratory tract
mutilation, rejection and exclusion from society.
Leprosy is caused by ——————-
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy (________ Disease)
It is mainly a _________ disease affecting: _________ nerves and mucosa of the ____________
Hansen’s
Granulomatous
peripheral
Granulomatous - refers to granulomas which are lesions of __________ ___________
epithelioid macrophages
Transmission of Leprosy
Risk group: children, people living in endemic areas, in poor conditions, with insufficient diet, or have a disease that compromises their immunity (ie HIV)
T/F
T
Transmission of leprosy
The transmission of leprosy is thought to occur through the ________
Infected individuals discharge _____ through _______ and a healthy individual breaths them in
But it is important to note that the exact mechanism is ________
The main reservoir is ________
respiratory track
bacilli; their nose
not known; humans
In the 19th century leprosy was believed to be a hereditary ailment
T/F
T
The organism : mycobacterium leprae
a Gram-_______
_____cellular
(Aerobic or Anaerobic?) rod-shaped bacillus
With a ______ coating
positive; Intra
Aerobic; waxy
Mycobacterium leprae
M. leprae is unable to grow in______
This is thought to be due to the fact that it ____________________________
Because of its inability to grow on agar, ______________ and _________________ are used as animal models
vitro
no longer has the genes needed for independent growth
nude mice and nine-banded armadillos
Contrary to popular belief leprosy does not cause ___________________
body parts to simply falloff
Bacteria Resides in (Cooler or Warmer?) Parts of the Body
Cooler
Immunology: Tuberculoid leprosy
Patient’s ________ respond to M. leprae in vitro
Skin tests with ______ elicit a strong positive response
They also have a ____- type response producing interleukin-2 and intergerons-γ
These strong ____-mediated responses clear antigens, but cause __________
lymphocytes
lepromin
Th1; cell; local tissue destruction
Immunology: Lepromatous leprosy
Patients also mount a normal cell mediated response to M. leprae
Patient’s lymphocytes do not respond to M. leprae in vitro
They are also responsive to lepromin
F. Patients in this case do not mount a normal cell mediated response to M. leprae
T. Patient’s lymphocytes do not respond to M. leprae in vitro
F. They are also unresponsive to lepromin
Immunology: Lepromatous leprosy
They have specific _____ cell failure and _____ dysfunction, and problems producing __________ and ———— But they do produce Th__-type cytokins
T
macrophage
interleukin-2 and intergerons-γ
2
Leprosy is one of the few diseases which can be eliminated
T/F
T
Leprosy meets the demanding criteria for elimination
–_______ and _____ diagnostic tools
-can be diagnosed on _________
– the availability of an effective intervention to _______________: ———— therapy
– a single significant _______: ———-.
practical and simple
clinical signs alone
interrupt its transmission; multidrug
reservoir of infection; humans
How to diagnose leprosy
Examine _____
Check for _______
Test for ______
Count the _________________
Look for damage to _____
skin
patches
sensation
number of patches
nerves
DIAGNOSIS OF LEPROSY
•____pigmented or _____ skin lesion(s) with definite loss of ______
•Damage to the ______, as demonstated by loss of sensation
•Weakness of the muscles of ____,______, or ______
•_________ skin smear
Hypo; reddish; sensation
peripheral nerves
hands, feet or face
Positive
FLOW CHART FOR DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
Skin lesion and sensory loss
•____ skin lesion . —— leprosy
•_____skin lesion . _____ leprosy
•_________ lesions. ____ leprosy
one; SLPB
2-5; PB
more than 5 ; MB
Diagnosis of leprosy
What doctors typically look for include:
________ of skin lesions, and _______ thickening and tenderness
_________ serological test
anaesthesia; peripheral nerve
There is no
The genome of leprosy has been sequenced
T/F
T
Treatment & Management of leprosy
Chemotherapy
First line drugs are ______,_______, and _____
The WHO recommends that if a patient test positive in an acid-fast skin smear they should be treated for __________
The patients ______ decides length of treatment (____-_______)
Patients tend to improve quickly with (minimal or maximal?) side-effects
rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine
multibacillary disease
bacterial load; 6-24 months
minimal
Treatment & Management of leprosy
Chemotherapy
Second line drugs are ______ and ________
Triple –drug combinations have been used in cases where a patient has ___________
ofloxacin and minocycline
only a single lesion
Treatment & Management of leprosy
Chemotherapy
Leprosy is combated with ——— therapy to reduce the chance of developing resistance
Since in the 1960’s resistance to _______ developed
multidrug
dapsone
Treatment & Management of leprosy
Chemotherapy
First line drugs are _____,________, and ______
Second line drugs are ______,________
rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine
ofloxacin and minocycline
