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House Microbiology > Gram Positiv Bacilli > Flashcards

Gram Positiv Bacilli Flashcards

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1
Q

6 medically important genera of GPB:

List them

A

 Bacillus
 Clostridium
 Corynebacterium
 Listeria
 Gardnerella
Erysipelothris

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2
Q

Out of the 5 medically important genera of GPB, which have spores and which do not

A

Bacillus and Clostridium – spores
Corynebacterium, Listeria, and Gardnerella –no spores

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3
Q

Based on their tolerance for oxygen

 Bacillus – ______
 Clostridium - ______
 Corynebacterium -_____
 Listeria – _______
 Gardnerella – ______

A

aerobic

anaerobic

aerobic

falcultative anaerobe

falcultative anaerobe

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4
Q

Gram staining appearance

These GPB can also be distinguished based on their appearance

 ________ and ________ are longer and more deeply staining than _________ and ________

A

Bacillus and Clostridium spp

Corynebacterium and Listeria spp

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5
Q

Corynebacterium species are _____-shaped

Corynebacterium and Listeria species
characteristically appear as ____ or ___ shaped rods

A

club

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6
Q

 Gardnerella vaginalis is a (short or long?) and gram ______

A

Short

variable

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7
Q

General Characteristics of Bacillus

~___ species

Gram- _____or Gram- _____ bacilli

(Small or Large?) (0.5 x 1.2 to 2.5 x 10 um)

A

60

positive; variable

Large

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8
Q

General Characteristics of Bacillus

Most are __________ or _________

Bacillus _________ is most important member

A

saprophytic contaminants or normal flora

anthracis

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9
Q

General Characteristics of Bacillus

Presence or absence of endospores?

Catalase (positive or negative?) (most)

A

Presence

Positive

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10
Q

General Characteristics of Bacillus

Bacillus spp. are ubiquitous

T/F

A

T

Soil, water, and airborne dust

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11
Q

General Characteristics of Bacillus

Thermophilic (< 75°C) and psychrophilic (>5-8°C)
Can flourish at _________ PH (pH _____)

A

extremes of acidity & alkalinity

2 to 10

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12
Q

Bacillus Endospores

(Thin or Thick?) walled structures formed by _______ cells

A

Thick ; vegetative

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13
Q

Bacillus endospores

Are Resistant to radiation, chemicals, heat, desiccation (dipicolinic acid)

T/F

A

T

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14
Q

__________ is necessary for destruction of bacillus endospores

A

Steam autoclaving

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15
Q

List 5 species of bacillus

A

Anthracis
Cereus
Mycoides
Thuringiensis
Others🌚

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16
Q

Laboratory Characteristics of Bacillus
On blood agar

(Small or Large?) , spreading

_______ colored colonies with ( regular or irregular?) margins

A

Large

gray-white

Irregular

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17
Q

Laboratory Characteristics of Bacillus
On blood agar

Many are (alpha or beta?) -hemolytic which is helpful in _____________

A

Beta

differentiating various Bacillus species from B. anthracis

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18
Q

Laboratory Characteristics of Bacillus
On blood agar

Spores seen after ____ days of incubation, but not typically in _________ specimens

A

several

fresh clinical

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19
Q

Virulence of B. Anthracis

Virulent strains produce ______ exotoxins that combine to form _____ toxin and ____ toxin

A

three

edema

lethal

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20
Q

edema toxin = _____ + _____

lethal toxin = ____ + ______

A

protective antigen; edema factor

protective antigen; lethal factor

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21
Q

Epidemiology of B.anthracis

Primarily infects _____ with _____ as accidental host

Rarely isolated in ______ countries but is prevalent in ______ areas where __________

A

herbivores

humans

Developed

Impoverished
vaccination of animals is not practiced

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22
Q

Epidemiology of B.anthracis

People at risk are those in endemic areas in _________________, and people who _____________

A

contact with infected animals or contaminated soil

work with animals imported from endemic areas

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23
Q

There is little concern that the spores of bacillus Anthracis would be used for bioterrorism

T/F

A

F

Significant concern

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24
Q

Diseases of Bacillus Anthracis

___________ is the most common form

___________ is the most deadly form

________ is a rare form but commonly fatal

A

Cutaneous anthrax

Inhalational anthrax

Gastrointestinal anthrax

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25
Q

Treatment of bacillus Anthracis

_______ is the drug of choice

It’s resistant to ______

A

Ciprofloxacin

Sulfonamides and extended spectrum cephalosporins

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26
Q

Prevention of bacillus Anthracis

_________ can control disease but the spores are difficult to eliminate from _____

A

Vaccination of animal herds

Soils

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27
Q

In Prevention of bacillus Anthracis

______ vaccination is effective

_______ vaccination has limited usefulness

A

Animal

Human

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28
Q

Bacillus cereus Group

Gastroenteritis

Can grow in food and cause food poisoning by either producing:

Heat-stable enterotoxin (_____form)
Heat-labile enterotoxin (______ form)

A

emetic

diarrheal

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29
Q

Bacillus cereus Group

Gastroenteritis

Heat-labile enterotoxin (diarrheal form)

Similar to ______ – stimulates cAMP which leads to _______

A

V. cholera

watery diarrhea

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30
Q

Bacillus cereus Group

Other Clinical conditions

_______ infections after trauma

_______-related sepsis, _____,_____

A

Ocular

IV-catheter
endocarditis, meningitis

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31
Q

Bacillus cereus Group
Other Clinical conditions

Ocular infections after trauma
–______ toxin, _______, phospholipase C

IV-catheter-related sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis
–_________ persons and _____

A

Necrotic ; hemolysin

Immunocompromised

drug abusers

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32
Q

L. monocytogenes

Widespread in nature.

Causes _________.

A

listeriosis

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33
Q

L. monocytogenes

Very (Common or Rare?)

______ cases, ____ deaths

_____% fatality.

A

Rare

2,500; 500

2- 30

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34
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

•Gram- _____bacilli/______

•Catalase- ________

•Motile or Non-motile ?

A

positive ; coccobacilli

positive

Motile

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35
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

•Esculin positive or negative?

•___ hemolytic

•Multiplies at __ o C

A

Positive

beta

4

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36
Q

LISTERIOSIS

(Symptomatic or Asymptomatic?)

(mild or sever?) GI, unless disseminated infection (________) which leads to ______

A

Asymptomatic

mild

Bacteremia; Meningitis

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37
Q

LISTEROSIS

Requires _________ to clear.

______CELLULAR PATHOGEN.

A

cellular immune response

INTRA

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38
Q

At-risk populations for invasive listeriosis

_______ women/ _____

Patients at _______

Patients with _____

A

Pregnant; fetuses

extremes of age

AIDS

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39
Q

At-risk populations for invasive listeriosis

Patients taking _________ medications

Patients with immunosuppressing co-morbidities (cancer, autoimmune disease, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus)

A

immunosuppressive

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40
Q

Listeria: Pathogenesis

Organism adapted to grow at (low or high?) temperatures

Multiplies in _______ of ———- and ———

A

Low

cytoplasm of macrophages and epithelial cells

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41
Q

Listeria toxin

_______ O which is a _______

Asymptomatic carriage reservoir

A

Listeriolysin

hemolysin

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42
Q

Corynebacterium

Gram- ____

Are curved pleomorphic rods “ _______ ”

A

positive

Chinese Letters

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43
Q

Corynebacterium

Grow readily on _____ agar

Catalase & oxidase ______

Usually (motile or non-motile?)

A

Sheep blood

positive

Non-motile

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44
Q

Corynebacterium

Are Commensals on ____

Some species pathogenic

A

skin

45
Q

Two Lethal Pathologies of corynebacterium

______

_______ due to ______

A

Suffocation

Organ damage; Diphtheria Toxin (DT)

46
Q

Two Lethal Pathologies of corynebacterium

Suffocation - edema (i.e., “_______ ”) + ___________

Organ damage due to Diphtheria
Toxin (DT). Usually, the ____ (i.e., severe _______ ).

A

bull neck; pseudomembrane closes airways.

heart; myocarditis

47
Q

Diphtheria (C. diphtheriae)

Spreads by ______

_________ increases vascular permeability & promotes spread

A

droplet

Phospholipase D

48
Q

Diphtheria (C. diphtheriae)

____-coded exotoxin (_____ subunits) acts on _____ mucous membranes interfering with protein synthesis by inactivating ____

A

Phage; A&B; respiratory; EF-2

49
Q

Diphtheria (C. diphtheriae)

_________ of _____,___,_____,______ impairs breathing

A

Pseudomembrane of fibrin, bacteria, epithelial & phagocytic cells

50
Q

Diphtheria (C. diphtheriae)

Toxin spreads to _____,_____, and ______

A

heart, CNS, & adrenals

51
Q

Diphtheria (C. diphtheriae)

Selective media (______-_____ ) Identify in Public Health Labs

Protect by _____ vaccination - _____

< ___ cases/yr in US

A

cysteine-tellurite

toxoid; DaPT

5

52
Q

Diphtheria usually presents as _______ or _____

A

pharyngitis or tonsillitis

53
Q

Other Pathogenic Corynebacteria

C. __________

C. __________

A

jeikeium (JK)

urealyticum

54
Q

Other Pathogenic Corynebacteria

C. jeikeium (JK)
Opportunistic bloodstream infections in ________________ recipients

Multiple antibiotic resistance - except _______ and ______

Commonly carried on ______ of ________ persons

A

bone marrow transplant

vancomycin and tetracycline

skin of hospitalized

55
Q

Other Pathogenic Corynebacteria

C. urealyticum
Occasional cause of ——— and ——— (______)

A

UTI & stones

splits urea

56
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria sometimes presents as skin lesions

T/F

A

T

57
Q

Spore positioning and species

_________ spore C. tetani

________ spore C. perfringens

__________ spore C. septicum, novyi, histolyticum difficile, botulinum

A

Terminal

Central

Subterminal

58
Q

Wounds and soft tissue infection

________________ is the most common invasive clostridial species (but other species can cause similar effects – C. novyi, C. septicum)
The organism requires_____ tissue with ____ conditions, _____ blood supply, complex nutrients, and ______ ions

A

C. perfringens type A

damaged; anaerobic; impaired

Ca++

59
Q

Wounds and soft tissue infection
C. perfringens type A

Produces ___ toxins that attack membranes, including:
– alpha -toxin (_____, AKA “_____”)
–_______________ (hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin-kills cells)

A

12

lecithinase; myotoxin

zinc metallophospholipase

60
Q

Wounds and soft tissue infection
C. perfringens type A

Toxins destroy ______, produce ______

Organisms produce ____ when they grow = _______ in tissue

A

PMNs; myonecrosis

gas; crepitance

61
Q

Anaerobic growth

Anaerobes will grow at the ____ of tubes of static nutrient broth

A

bottom

62
Q

To separate facultative from obligate anaerobes you must plate out the growth from the _____ of the tubes

A

bottom

63
Q

Most obligate anaerobes produce a distinctly ———— odor!!

A

unpleasant

64
Q

Clostridial diseases in which culture is not usually done

Mention 4

A

Food poisoning
Tetanus
Botulism
Antibiotic-associated colitis

65
Q

C. perfringens food poisoning

Improperly-handled food is contaminated with spores, which survive ________

Spores germinate with heating ( ________ ) and if > ____/g bacteria are ingested, illness may occur

A

cooking temperature

anaerobiasis

10^5

66
Q

C. perfringens food poisoning

_______ in the small intestine releases ______

Diarrhea (with or without?) fever occurs 6-18 hours later, and resolves in 1-2 days

A

Sporulation

enterotoxin

Without

67
Q

Generalizations about invasive Clostridium spp.

________ is critical for survival in the environment (soil)

Disease is mediated by _____-release from _______ cells

A

Sporulation

exotoxin; vegetative

68
Q

Generalizations about invasive Clostridium spp.

Exogenous infections = spores in ________

Endogenous infections = vegetative bacteria released from ________

A

wounds

colonized sites (e.g., colon)

69
Q

Generalizations about invasive Clostridium spp.

Treatment: ————- are effective, but not in ______ tissues; _______ is often required

A

Simple antibiotics

non- viable

surgery

70
Q

Generally, In invasive clostridium spp, Antibiotic resistance is a problem

T/F

A

F

Antibiotic resistance is not a problem

71
Q

Clostridium

Alpha-toxin is a _____ that destroy cell membranes, including _____ and _____

A

lecithinase

PMNs and muscle cells.

72
Q

Clostridium

C. septicum bacteremia may signal ______

A

colon cancer

73
Q

Clostridial enterotoxin causes a __________________(_________) but is not ______ most cases.

A

self-limited diarrhea (food poisoning)

invasive

74
Q

Gardnerella _____ is the only species of Gardnerella

T/F

A

vaginalis
T

75
Q

Gardnerella
The organisms are (small or large?) (1.0–1.5 μm in diameter)

spore or non-spore-forming?

motile or nonmotile coccobacilli?

A

Small

Non -spore

Non motile

76
Q

Gardnerella

G.vaginalis - ____- hemolytic on media containing _____ or _____ blood but not on _____ blood agar

A

beta

human or rabbit

sheep

77
Q

Bacillus is versatile in degrading complex macromolecules

T/F

A

T

78
Q

Bacillus

Motile or Non Motile

A

Non Motile

79
Q

bacillus can be used as a source of antibiotics

T/F

A

T

80
Q

Virulence factors of Bacillus Anthracis

_____
________
———
_____

A

Capsule
Spores
Anthrax toxins
Plasmids

81
Q

Virulence factors of Bacillus Anthracis

Spores: resistant to ________ , withstand _______ and certain ____ for moderate periods, and persist for years in dry earth.

A

environmental changes

dry heat

chemical disinfectants

82
Q

Virulence factors of Bacillus Anthracis

Anthrax toxins are made up of three proteins, _______,_____, and ________

A

protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF).

83
Q

In bacillus Anthracis, the same plasmid encode genes for toxin and capsule production

T/F

A

F

different plasmids encode genes for toxin and capsule production

84
Q

3 major types of anthrax

Cutaneous( approximately ____% of cases)

Inhalation anthrax /____ disease(___%)

Gastrointestinal anthrax -very (common or rare?) ;

A

95

woolsorters;5

Rare

85
Q

Culture of bacillus Anthracis :

• on ___ agar plates

•the organisms produce ___hemolytic gray to white, tenacious colonies with a rough texture and a ground-glass appearance.

•_____-shaped outgrowths (_____, “_____”) may project from the colony.

A

blood

non

Comma; Medusa head; curled hair

86
Q

Capsule demonstration of Bacillus Anthracis requires growth on ______-containing medium in 5–7% carbon dioxide

A

bicarbonate

87
Q

Definitive identification of Bacillus Anthracis

requires lysis by a specific _____________

detection of the capsule by _______, or identification of toxin genes by _________.

Serology: ELISA

A

anthrax γ-bacteriophage

fluorescent antibody

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

88
Q

Control measures against bacillus Anthracis include

(1) disposal of ____ by ______ or by _____

(2) decontamination (usually by _____) of animal products

(3) _______ and ______ for handling potentially infected materials, and

(4)_______ of domestic animals and high risk individuals with _________

A

animal carcasses; burning; deep burial in lime pits

autoclaving

protective clothing and gloves

active immunization; live attenuated vaccines

89
Q

Both Bacillus _______ and Bacillus _______ may occasionally produce disease in immunocompromised humans

A

cereus

thuringiensis

90
Q

C botulinum

The spores are highly heat resistant can withstand _____°C for _______

Heat resistance is diminished at ____ pH or _______ concentration

A

100; several hours

acid; high salt

91
Q

C botulinum

Toxin is liberated into the environment during the _____ of C botulinum and during ______ of the bacteria

___ antigenic varieties of toxin (__-__) are known

A

growth; autolysis

7; A-G

92
Q

C botulinum toxins

The lethal dose for a human is probably about __-___μg/kg.

The toxins are destroyed by ____ for ____ at _______.

A

1–2

heating

20 minutes

100°C

93
Q

C botulinum toxins are among the most toxic substances known

T/F

A

T

94
Q

Botulinum toxin is considered to be a major agent for bioterrorism and biologic warfare

T/F

A

T

95
Q

Clinical findings of C. Botulinum

•Symptoms begin __-___ after ingestion of the toxic food, with _____ disturbances (incoordination of _____, double vision),
inability to ____, and _____ difficulty

•signs of ____ paralysis are progressive

•Death occurs from _______ or ______

•(little or no?) fever and patient remains( not , semi, or fully?) conscious until shortly before death.

A

18–24 hours; visual; eye muscles

swallow; speech; bulbar

respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest.

No ; fully conscious

96
Q

Survivors of botulism develop antitoxin in the blood and the mortality rate is (low or high?)

T/F

A

F
do not develop antitoxin in the blood and the mortality rate is high

97
Q

Treatment of botulism : ——— and _____

Prevention and control: _____ and _____

A

antitoxin and supportive care

Food hygiene ; Preheating of canned food

98
Q

C tetani causes tetanus
produce the toxin ______ and ______

A

tetanospasmin and tetanolysin

99
Q

Corynebacterium

contain ______ granules that give the ———- appearance

A

metachromatic

rod a beaded

100
Q

Individual corynebacteria in stained smears tend to lie _______ or _____________ (Chinese lettering appearance)

A

parallel or at acute angles to one another

101
Q

L monocytogenes

has a tumbling _______ motility at _____°C but not at ___°C

A

End-over-end

22–28

37

102
Q

ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE

Causes ______ (usually occurs on the _____ by direct inoculation at the site of a cut or abrasion)

A

erysipeloid

fingers

103
Q

ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE

there may also be _____ form and _____ with _____

A

diffuse cutaneous

bacteremia with endocarditis.

104
Q

E rhusiopathiae is unique among gram-positive rods in that it _______________

A

produces H2S on TSI slant

105
Q

Actinomycetes

Causes _____

form _____ chains with occasional ______

Are acid fast because of ________

A

actinonycosis

elongated; branches

the presence of mycolic acid

106
Q

Actinomycetes

_____,_______ and a few others of clinical significance.

A

Nocardia, Rhodococcus,

107
Q

________ and _______, two agents that cause actinomycotic mycetomas, are acid-fast stain (positive or negative?) .

A

Streptomyces and Actinomadura

Negative

108
Q

Nocardia species are _____, beaded gram-positive rods found in soil and other environmental sources

A

branching

109
Q

Nocardia species

cause _____ disease ( ______ )primarily in immunocompromised patients.

A

systemic

norcadiosis

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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