Platyhelminthes Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

HELMINTHS

Do not, as a rule, ____ in man (save ________________________)

multiply

H. nana, S. stercoralis, E. vermicularis, filariae

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HELMINTHS

Nature/severity of pathology is related to _______

worm burden

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Helminths

Which are more common, acute or sub clinical infections

Subclinical infections are more common than acute diseases

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Helminths

Transmission to man:
direct contact with ________ &/or ingestion of food __________

infected foodstuffs, eaten ___________

_____________ entry

contaminated soil ; contaminated with faeces

raw insect vectors (filariae)

active percutaneous

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PLATYHELMINTHES

Platy means _____, helminth means _____

flat

worm

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PLATYHELMINTHES

_________ flattened

________ (save the ________)

(Complete or Incomplete?) gut

Dorso-ventrally

hermaphroditic; schistosomes

Incomplete

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PLATYHELMINTHES

Further divided into _______ or ______

Cestodes or Trematodes

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Characteristics of Cestodes:
•_______-like, gutless endoparasites (adults in gut of man)

•———— (outer body covering) is highly ________

Ribbon

Tegument; absorptive

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Characteristics of Cestodes:

• Body _________

•suckers at _____ end

•Life cycles is (direct or indirect?) & (simple or complex?)

segmented

Indirect; complex

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Three important Cestode infections will be discussed
•__________
•___________
•____________

Taeniasis

Diphyllobothriasis

Hymenolepiasis

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_________ is the best known tapeworm infection of man.

Taeniasis

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Taeniasis

Aetiological Agents:
• Taenia Solium (____ tapeworm)

• Taenia saginata (——— tapeworm)

• Taenia asiatica (_______ tapeworm)

pork

beef

Asian

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Taeniasis

Aetiological Agents:
• Taenia _______ (pork tapeworm)

• Taenia _____ (beef tapeworm)

• Taenia ________ (Asian tapeworm)

Solium

saginata

asiatica

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Taeniasis

Transmission:
•________ of ______

•________ of ______

Ingestion of cysticerci laden meat

Ingestion of eggs

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Taeniasis

• Ingestion of cysticerci laden meat- _______

• Ingestion of eggs – _________

Taeniasis

Cysticercosis

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Taeniasis

Morphology:

•___ suckers on scolex (1–2 mm)

•a ______ circle of hooks

•________ budded from ___ region

double

Proglottids; neck

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Which species of Taenia has 4 suckers

T. solium & T. saginata

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Which species of Taenia has a double circle or hooks

T. solium

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Taeniasis life cycle

• Eggs ingested by ___________, in which it becomes _________ which also develops into a ___________ in : _________________________________________

intermediate hosts

oncosphere

cysticercus

tongue, larynx, diaphragm, back/thigh muscles, heart, peritoneum; liver, lungs, brain.

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Taeniasis

intermediate hosts:

•______ : T. solium
• ______: T. asiatica
• ______:T.saginata

pig

cattle

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Taeniasis

Human infection: _______ of _______

ingestion of cysticerci-laden meat

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Taeniasis

Clinical features

•More common: weight loss, _______ pain, ______, loss of appetite

• Less common: _____,_____,______

• Cysticercosis: ______ pains, severe functional disorders, death ( ________ )

epigastric

colic

Anal pruritus, orthostatic hypotension, syncope

Rheumatic; neurocysticercosis

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Taeniasis Treatment

• Taeniasis- _______,_______

•Cysticercosis- _____ + ______

Praziquantel, Niclosamide

Praziquantel + Corticosteroids

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Diphyllobothriasis
• It is a ______ infection

tapeworm

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Diphyllobothriasis Aetiological Agents: •________________ (_____ tapeworm)

Diphyllobothrium latum Fish

Diphyllobothriasis Transmission: Ingestion of ____ (2nd intermediate host) containing ________ (_________) larvae

fish plerocercoid sparganum

DIphyllobothriasis Morphology: •_______ shaped scolex, with __________ • Strobila measures up to ______ • Mature proglottids

Spatula; 2 bothria 20m

DIphyllobothriasis Life cycle: • In freshwater, egg develop into _______ which is ingested by intermediate host 1 (_________ eg ______ ) where it develops into ____________ (in _____) Intermediate host 1 is ingested by intermediate host 2 ( _____), and in ________ , the _______ becomes the _____________(_______)

ciliated coracidium; copepods e.g Cyclops procercoid larva; coelom fish; fish muscles; procercoid plerocercoid larva (sparganum)

DIphyllobothriasis Human infection is by consumption of intermediate host ____ (__________) which contains ______

2 fish plerocercoids •

Diphyllobothriasis : Clinical Features Mostly asymptomatic _____________ Less common: Diarrhoea, flatulence, meteorism

Pernicious megaloblastic anemia

Diphyllobothriasis: Human sparganosis Mostly in _____ Due to ______ of ________ of ______ spp. Or ————— • Symptoms are _____ dependent

asia migration of sparganum larvae spirometra; sparganum proliferum. site

Management of human sparganosis is _______

surgical removal

Treatment of Diphyllobothriasis •______ •_________ • Treatment of ________

Praziquantel Niclosamide pernicious anemia

HYMENOLEPIASIS Aetiological Agents: • Hymenolepis _____ ( ______ tapeworm of man) • Hymenolepis ——— (_____ tapeworm)

nana; dwarf diminuta; rat

HYMENOLEPIASIS Epidemiology: Occurrence is worldwide and more common in (children or adults?)

Children

HYMENOLEPIASIS Transmission: • _______ of _________ • _______

Ingestion of intermediate hosts Auto-infection

HYMENOLEPIASIS Morphology: • relatively (small or large?) rostellum • ___suckers • a (simple or complex?) circlet of ______ hooklets

Small 4 suckers Simple 20-30 hooklets

The Smallest tapeworm in man causes _______

Hymenolepiasis

Life cycle of HYMENOLEPIASIS • Eggs ingested by _________, in which is becomes ________ which grows into _______

intermediate hosts oncospheres cysticercoids

Life cycle of HYMENOLEPIASIS intermediate hosts: •_____ beetle:______ spp. • _____ beetle: _____ spp. • __________ :_________ spp.

flour; Tribolium Grain; Tenebrio Ratflea; Xenopsylla

HYMENOLEPIASIS Human infection ___________ ______ : ______ only);

ingestion of intermediate hosts eggs; H. nana

HYMENOLEPIASIS: Clinical Features • Mostly asymptomatic • Autoinfection: ________,______,_______

Abdominal pain, diarroea,nonspecificsymptoms.

HYMENOLEPIASIS: Treatment _________ ______

Praziquantel Niclosamide

CLONORCHIASIS • It is a _______ infection

trematode

CLONORCHIASIS Aetiological Agents: •________ (__________)

Clonorchis Sinensis Chinese liver fluke

CLONORCHIASIS Transmission: __________ of _______ (in uncooked fish)

Ingestion of intermediate hosts

CLONORCHIASIS Morphology: ( Smooth or Rough?) _____ -like.

Smooth Leaf

CLONORCHIASIS • Life cycle: Eggs ingested by intermediate hosts 1 (_____ ) In intermediate hosts 1 : from eggs to ______→ ______ → _____ →_______ In intermediate host 2 (_______): _______ → _______ In humans: _______ → young flukes → _______

snails miracidium; sporocyst; rediae; cercariae Cyprinid; cercariae; metacercariae Metacercariae; bile duct

CLONORCHIASIS Clinical Features • Mostly asymptomatic •_______ of bile duct •_______,______,_____,_______ • Occasionally; _______

Thickening Hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, ascites, oedema liver cancer.

CLONORCHIASIS Treatment: •_________

Praziquantel

CLONORCHIASIS Diagnosis: • Stool microscopy: Eggs ( ____shaped, _____)

flask operculate

FASIOLIASIS : Aetiological Agents ____________

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica Aka _______/____/______ liver fluke

sheep/large/common

FASIOLIASIS: Transmission: Ingestion of ___________ eg _______

contaminated aquatic plants e.g watercress

FASCIOLIASIS: Morphology: (Smooth or Rough?) _____ shaped.

Smooth Leaf

FASCIOLIASIS: life cycle Eggs ingested by intermediate hosts 1 ( ______ ) In intermediate hosts 1: eggs become _______ → ______ → _____ →_______ Then, Cercariae → _________ in on _____ In humans:_____ → young flukes →_____

snails miracidium; sporocyst; rediae; cercariae metacercariae; plants metacercariae; bile duct

Examples of plants involved in fascioliasis

Watercress, alfalfa, water lettuce

FASCIOLIASIS : Clinical Features • Mostly asymptomatic •Acute: malaise, nausea, weight loss, abdominal pain. • Chronic: ______,________,______,_____

Jaundice,pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, liver fibrosis

FASCIOLIASIS: Diagnosis • Stool microscopy :Eggs(_____-shaped, _______ ) •ELISA, CFT, IIF

flask operculate

FASCIOLIASIS : Treatment •________ •_________ •___________

Triclabendazole Bithionol Praziquantel

PARAGONIMIASIS Aetiological Agents: • __________________ •____________________

Paragonimus westermani Paragonimus africanus

PARAGONIMIASIS: Transmission Ingestion of ______________

contaminated crab/crayfish

Paragonimus westermani Aka _______

Lung fluke

PARAGONIMIASIS: Morphology (Thin or Thick?) (fleshy or dry?)

Thick Fleshy

PARAGONIMIASIS: Life cycle •Eggs ingested by intermediate hosts 1 (____) •In intermediate hosts 1: eggs become _____→ _______ →_____ →_______ •In intermediate host 2 (________):____ → ________ •In humans:_____ → young flukes → ________→ ______ → ______ → ______

snails miracidium; sporocyst; rediae; cercariae Crab or Crayfish; Cercariae; metacercariae metacercariae; duodenal wall; diaphragm; thoracic cavity; lung

PARAGONIMIASIS: ClinicalFeatures • Mostly asymptomatic •Acute: diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain. •Lung infection: ______, ________ pain, _______ Extrapulmonary damage: ___,_____ ,___

Severe chronic cough piercing chest ; hemoptysis CNS, Liver, Intestines

PARAGONIMIASIS Diagnosis: Stool or sputum microscopy: Eggs ( _______ ) Bronchoscopy/ CT Scan ELISA, CFT, IIF

operculate

PARAGONIMIASIS: Treatment _________ _______ ________ ___________

Praziquantel Triclabendazole Bithionol Surgery

SCHISTOSOMIASIS • ____________/_________

Bilharzia/ Snail fever

SCHISTOSOMIASIS Aetiological Agents: • Schistosoma _______ • Schistosoma _______ Schistosoma ______ • S.______, S. ____

haematobium mansoni japonicum mekongi intercalatum

SCHISTOSOMIASIS: Transmission •__________________

Percutaneous cercarial entry

SCHISTOSOMIASIS: Morphology • The male and female are Permanently in ______ They inhabit; •_________ and _______ (S._________________) •__________ vessels (S. __________)

copula Intestinal vessels and hepatic veins mansoni and japonicum Urinary bladder; haematobium

The male and female schistosomes are Temporarily in copula T/F

F Permanently

SCHISTOSOMIASIS: Life cycle • Eggs ingested by intermediate hosts 1 ( ________ ) • In intermediate hosts 1: eggs become _______→ ______ →______ In humans: _____ → ______ to enter the ____ circulation → _____ → _____ circulation →______

snails miracidium→ sporocyst →cercariae cercariae; schistosomula; venous heart; systemic; portal veins

SCHISTOSOMIASIS Treatment: •____________

Praziquantel

Schistosomiasis : Clinical Features • Mostly asymptomatic •__________ (from ________ ) • Pulmonary migration can lead to ________ • Urogenital disease: _____, ____ sensation in urethra & urgency, bladder ____, ___ damage, bladder ______

Cercarial dermatitis penetrating cercariae bronchitis hematuria; burning; fibrosis; kidney; cancer

Schistosomiasis : Clinical Features Intestinal: abdominal pain , diarrhoea, ________, ______ obstruction, ________. ________ fever: fever, diarrhoea, myalgia, arthralgia, weakness, abdominal pain

bloody stool Portal vein ; hepatosplenomegaly Katayama