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Aspergillus And Candidiasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Aspergilli

Ubiquitous in environment (T/F)

Molds or Yeast?

A

T

Molds

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2
Q

Aspergilli

Requires _______ for growth but ______ because of ______

A

4-5 days

1-3 weeks; sporolation

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3
Q

Aspergilli

Hyphae are ________ and ———

A

branching and septate

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4
Q

Aspergillus

Numerous species but approx ___ implicated in infections

Aspergillus ______
Aspergillus _____
Aspergillus _____
Aspergillus ______

A

10

fumigatus
Flavus
Niger
Nidulans

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5
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus – most common, accounts for ___% of infections in _____

A

95

Western world

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6
Q

Aspergillus flavus – common in _____,_______

A

India, Nigeria

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7
Q

Infections caused by Aspergillus

Most often route of transmission is by ______

A

inhalation

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8
Q

Infections caused by Aspergillus

Causes infections in only immunosuppressed patients

T/F

A

F

Causes infections in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed.

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9
Q

aspergilloma (___________)

A

fungal ball

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10
Q

Aspergillus has been implicated in are:
________ infections
 _______
 ________ infections
 Sinusitis and rhinosinusitis (most often granulomatous)

A

Fungal nail

Keratitis

Subcutaneous

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11
Q

There are three clinical types of pulmonary aspergillosis:
•________-________ to the organism
• _____________
• ________ Or ________

A

Allergic - hypersensitivity

Aggressive tissue invasion

Fungus ball or Pulmonary Aspergilloma

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12
Q

There are three clinical types of pulmonary aspergillosis:
•Allergic - hypersensitivity to the organism.

Symptoms may vary from __________ to ________

A

mild respiratory distress to alveolar fibrosis.

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13
Q

There are three clinical types of pulmonary aspergillosis:

•Aggressive tissue invasion. Primarily a pulmonary disease, but the aspergilli may ___________

They may cause endocarditis, osteomyelitis, otomycosis and cutaneous lesions.

A

disseminate to any organ.

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14
Q

There are three clinical types of pulmonary aspergillosis:

•Fungus ball or Pulmonary Aspergilloma which is characteristically seen in the ________ of ______ patients.

This is easily recognized by x-ray, because the lesion (actually a _________ in the cavity) is shaped like a _______ (______ growth).

The patients may cough up the fungus elements because ______________.

A

old cavities of TB

colony of mold growing

half-moon ; semi-lunar

the organism frequently invades the bronchus

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15
Q

In aspergilloma, ________ can sometimes be seen in the sputum.

A

Chains of conidia

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16
Q

Yeasts are ______-celled budding organisms.

A

single

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17
Q

Yeasts do not produce mycelia

T/F

A

T

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18
Q

We will discuss only the two most significant species of yeast

______ and _______

A

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans.

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19
Q

Candida

Yeast or mold?

Location:part of _____,______, and ______

A

Yeast

Part of normal flora of skin, GIT and mucocutanous surfaces

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20
Q

Candida

Commonly causes ________ infections

A

opportunistic

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21
Q

Candida

C. albicans accounts for over ____% of infections

A

50

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22
Q

Candida

Resistance to _________ drug due
to _________

A

fluconazole

overuse

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23
Q

MOST COMMONLY ISOLATED SPECIES OF CANDIDA
C. ______
C. ______
C. parapsilosis
C. _______
C. glabrata
C._______
C. guillermondii
C. lusitaniae

A

albicans

tropicalis

kefyr

krusei

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24
Q

There are many species of the genus Candida that cause disease. The infections caused by all species of Candida are called _________.

A

candidiasis

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25
Q

CANDIDIASIS (Candida albicans)

Candida albicans is a/an (Endo or Exo?) genous organism.

It can be found in ___-___% of normal human beings.

It is present in the ____,______, and ______

A

Endo

40-80

mouth, gut, and vagina.

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26
Q

CANDIDIASIS (Candida albicans)

It may be present as a ______ or a ______ organism.

A

commensal

pathogenic

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27
Q

CANDIDIASIS (Candida albicans)

Infections with Candida usually occur when a patient has _________,________, or ________.

A

some alteration in cellular immunity, normal flora or normal physiology

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28
Q

most common fungal pathogen worldwide is

A

Candidiasis

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29
Q

Candidiasis

Is the _____ leading causes of nosocomial infections, with ____% mortality

A

4th

40

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30
Q

Candidiasis

Frequency

  • significant mortality and morbidity in ___________ infants
  • affects ____% women, ____% experience recurrenceA
A

low birth-weight

75; 45

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31
Q

Candidiasis is classified as a STD

T/F

A

T

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32
Q

Candidiasis

Immunocompromised
-_____ and ______ patientsC

  • most commonly manifested in patients with ____ or ______ infections.
A

cancer and HIV-AIDs

leukemia

HIV-AIDs

33
Q

Candidiasis

Oral candidiasis is often a clue to ___________

A

acute primary infectionC

34
Q

Candidiasis

Public Concerns
- increasing ______ to ______ due to antibiotics and antifungals

A

resistance

drug therapies

35
Q

Biology of Candida albicans

Can be a ____ or a ____

A (thin or thick?) -walled ______ fungus

A

Pathogen; Commensal

Thin ; dimorphic

36
Q

Biology of Candida albicans

Morphogenesis

__________ (harmeless)

________ (pathogenic)

A

Unicellular yeast

Filamentous

37
Q

Biology of Candida albicans

Principal Cell Wall Polymers

————-
____________

A

Gluccan
Mannan

38
Q

Biology of Candida albicans

(Facultative or Strict?) ( aerobe or anaerobe?)

favors (dry or moist ?) surfaces

Temp ____o C

______ pH

A

Strict aerobe

Moist

37; neutral

39
Q

Biology of Candida albicans

(Slow or Rapid?) Multiplication & Spread

A

Rapid

40
Q

Patients with decreased _______ have decreased resistance to fungal infections.

A

cellular immunity

41
Q

Prolonged antibiotic or steroid therapy destroys the __________________ allowing the ______________ to ________ the host.

A

balance of normal flora in the intestine

endogenous Candida

overcome

42
Q

Invasive procedures, such as cardiac surgery and indwelling catheters, produce ______ in host physiology and some of these patients develop Candida infections

A

alterations

43
Q

Diseases by Candida albicans

List 5

A

Thrush
Esophagitis
Cutaneous Candidiasis
Genital Yeast Infections
Deep Candidiasis

44
Q

Oropharyngeal Thrush

Symptoms :

*__________
* _______
* __________

A

Pseudomembranous

Atrophic

Angular chelitis

45
Q

Oropharyngeal Thrush

Risk factor: _____

Treatment: ___________

A

HIV

topical antifungals

46
Q

Genital Yeast Candidiasis

Risk Factors

-_____________

A

disruption of normal
microbiota

47
Q

Genital Yeast Candidiasis

Treatment
-___________ administration

  • _____,______,______
A

direct genital

tablets, suppositories, creams

48
Q

Forms of invasive candidiasis

In order: from candidemia to organ involvement

A

Catheter related candidemia

Acute disseminated candidiasis

Chronic disseminated candidiasis

Deep organ candidiasis

49
Q

Candida

The yeast form is 10-12 microns in diameter, gram _____

it grows _____ on most __________.

A

positive

overnight

bacterial and fungal media

50
Q

Candida

It produces _____, and ____ may be formed from budding yeast cells that remain attached to each other.

A

germ tubes

pseudohyphae

51
Q

Candida

_____ may be formed on the ______.

These are called _______ and they can be used to _____________

A

Spores

pseudomycelium

chlamydospores

identify different species of Candida.

52
Q

CULTURE OF Candida

______ agar, _____ agar , _____ agar – creamy moist colonies

Candida – ______ agar for presumptive identification of 4 species

A

Blood; sabourose dextrose; chocolate

chromogenic

53
Q

CULTURE OF Candida

Grows in ______ time

A

24-48hrs

54
Q

CULTURE OF Candida

Stains gram _______

_______ test to speciate as C.albicans or non- C.albicans.

A

positive

Germ tube

55
Q

Treatment of candidiasis

Depending on _____ of infection

_______ is drug of first choice

A

site

Fluconazole

56
Q

Treatment of candidiasis

Dosage dependent on _____ and _____ of infection

______ are generally effective

A

type and site

Azoles

57
Q

Treatment of candidiasis

2nd line drugs – ______,_______

A

echinocardins, polyenes

58
Q

cryptococcus
The source of human infection is __________.

The portal of entry is the ______ system.

A

not clear

respiratory

59
Q

cryptococcus

Evidence is developing which indicates that the initial exposure may be _______________

The organism can be ______ for this time.

A

many years prior to the manifestation of disease.

sequestered

60
Q

cryptococcus

Infection may be ______ or _______.

A

subacute or chronic

61
Q

cryptococcus

The highly fatal ________ caused by C. neoformans has a prolonged evolution of several months.

A

meningoencephalitis

62
Q

In cryptococcus neoformans

The patients symptoms may begin with ______ problems and headache, which then progress to _____,_______ leading to _____ and death

A

vision

delirium, nuchal rigidity

coma

63
Q

In cryptococcus neoformans

The _____ is examined for its characteristic chemistry ) of elevated _____ and decreased ______, cells ( ________ ), and evidence of the organism.

A

CSF

protein

glucose

usually monocytes

64
Q

In cryptococcus neoformans

The CSF is examined for its characteristic chemistry ) elevated protein and decreased glucose(, cells (usually monocytes), and evidence of the organism. diagnosis
The latter is measured by the visual demonstration of the organism ( ________ preparation) or by a _______ for the antigen of C. neoformans.

A

India Ink

serologic assay

65
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

The India Ink test, which demonstrates the ______ of this yeast, is supplemented by the ________ test for _____ which is more sensitive and more specific.

A

capsule

latex agglutination ; antigen

66
Q

The Latex Agglutination test measures _____, NOT ______.

A

antigen

antibody

67
Q

The Latex Agglutination test

A decreasing titer indicates a _____ prognosis, while an increasing titer has a ____ prognosis.

A

good

poor

68
Q

When you consider Cryptococcosis, think of ________ and _______ disease.

A

Capsules and CNS

69
Q

In addition to causing _____, C. neoformans may also infect ____ and _____ .

A

meningitis

lungs and skin

70
Q

Cryptococcosis

The disease in the lungs and skin is characterized by the formation of a ________ reaction with ______ cells.

A

granulomatous

giant

71
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

The organism is a ____ shaped , single cell, ____ surrounded by a ______. Identification is based on physiological reactions.

A

round

yeast

Capsule

72
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

Pathologists use a ______ stain, which stains the capsule, to identify the organism in tissue sections.

There is usually _______ inflammatory response.

A

muci-carmine

little or no

73
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

The Direct Fluorescent Antibody test identifies the organism in culture or tissue section specifically, by causing the yeast cell wall to stain ____.

A

green

74
Q

To test the patient’s serum for cryptococcus neoformans there are 3 serologic tests:

1-The ________________ test

2- the _________ test for ________

3- the _______ test for ______.

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody

Tube Agglutination; antibody

Latex Agglutination; Antigen

75
Q

The latex agglutination test can be used as a prognostic test.

T/F

A

T

76
Q

The drugs of choice to treat cryptococcus infection are _______ and _________.

A

amphotericin B and 5- Fluorocytosine (5-FC)

77
Q

5-FC is an (oral or IV?) drug.

A

Oral

78
Q

5-FC

If it is given as the only treatment to cryptococcus neoformans, there are ______ so most physicians use _________ .

A

relapses

both drugs simultaneously

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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