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House Microbiology > Tularemia > Flashcards

Tularemia Flashcards

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1
Q

Tularemia is a bacterial _____\ disease of the —————-

A

zoonotic

northern hemisphere.

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2
Q

Tularemia

The bacterium (________ ————) is (mildly or highly?) virulent for _____ and a range of animals such as ——-,———, and _______

A

Francisella tularensis

Highly

Humans

rodents, hares and rabbits.

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3
Q

Tularemia

It may cause epidemics

It may cause epizootics

T/F

A

T

T

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4
Q

F. tularensis is transmitted to humans

(i) by _________
(ii) by _________ with infected animals, infectious animal tissues or fluids,
(iii) by _______ of contaminated water or food

iv) by _______ of infective aerosols.

A

arthropod bites,

direct contact

ingestion

inhalation

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5
Q

Tularemia

There is human-to-human transmission.

T/F

A

F

There is no human-to-human transmission.

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6
Q

F. tularensis subspecies _______ (type ____) is one of the most infectious pathogens known in human medicine.

A

tularensis

A

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7
Q

F. tularensis subspecies tularensis (type A)

The infective dose in humans is extremely (low or high?)

A

Low

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8
Q

The risk posed by tularaemia can be properly managed

T/F

A

T

provided the public health system is well prepared.

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9
Q

In order to avoid laboratory-associated infection, safety measures are needed and consequently clinical laboratories do not generally accept specimens of F. tularensis for culture.

T/F

A

T

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10
Q

F. tularensis causes little to no concern as a potential bioterrorism agent.

T/F

A

F

Great concern

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11
Q

Francisella Tularensis

Organisms are strict anerobes

T/F

A

F

Strict Aerobes

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12
Q

Francisella Tularensis

Organisms grow best on ———— agar at ____°C

Facultative, ____cellular bacterium that multiplies within _______

A

blood-glucose-cysteine

37

intra

Macrophages

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13
Q

Francisella Tularensis

Major target organs are the lymph nodes, lungs, pleura, spleen, liver, and kidney

T/F

A

T

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14
Q

Two subspecies of Francisella tularensis

Type A – _________

Type B— ___________ (_______)

A

tularensis

palaeartica

holartica

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15
Q

Two subspecies of Francisella tularensis

Type A –tularensis
•Most common biovar isolated in _________

•May be highly virulent in ____________

•Infectious dose of less then ____ CFU

• Mortality of _____% in untreated cutaneous disease

A

North America

humans and animals

10

5-6

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16
Q

Two subspecies of Francisella tularensis

Type B—palaeartica (holartica)

•Thought to cause ____________ in Europe and Asia

•Relatively (virulent or avirulent?)

•Mortality of less then ____% in untreated cutaneous disease

A

all of human tularemia

avirulent

0.5

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17
Q

7 Forms of Tularemia

_______
__________

________(throat)
___________(eye)

_________

_______
_________

A

Ulceroglandular
Glandular

Oropharyngeal
Oculoglandular

Typhoidal

Septic
Pneumonic

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18
Q

Transmission of Tularemia

Route : Mode :

Skin or conjunctiva

Skin

GI tract

Respiratory tract

A

Handling of infected animals

Bite of infected blood- sucking deer flies and wood ticks

Ingestion of improperly cooked meat or contaminated water

Aerosol inhalation

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19
Q

Tularaemia is reported from most countries in the ________, although its occurrence varies (a bit or widely?) from one region to another.

A

northern hemisphere

widely

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20
Q

In some countries, endemic regions with frequent outbreaks are close to regions that are completely free of tularaemia.

T/F

A

T

21
Q

There is also a wide variation with time.

In an endemic area, tularaemia may occur annually within a 5-year period, but may also be absent for more than a decade.

T/F

A

T

22
Q

The reasons for this temporal variation in the occurrence of outbreaks of tularemia are well understood.

T/F

A

F

not well understood

23
Q

When, after a ______, the first case of a new outbreak of tularemia appears, the disease may be more or less ——— and is therefore _____________

A

long lapse

forgotten

not easily diagnosed.

24
Q

Francisella Tularensis

Can Survive For Weeks

T/F

A

T

25
Q

Francisella Tularensis

(Softy or Hardy?)

(Spore or non-spore ?) forming

A

Hardy

non-spore

26
Q

Reservoirs of francisella tularensis

_________ sized _______ are the principal natural reservoirs for F. tularensis

A

Small and medium

mammals

27
Q

Vectors of francisella tularensis

_________
____________
_____________

A

Ticks

Mosquitoes

Biting Flies

28
Q

Tularemia
Also Known As…

___________ (Utah)

_________ (Idaho and Montana)

____________(Washington D.C.)

__________ (Central States)

______________ (Japan)

A

Deer-fly fever

Glandular tick fever

Market men’s disease

Rabbit fever

O’Hara’s disease

29
Q

Which country has the highest Incidence of tularemia across the Globe??

A

Japan

30
Q

Rank the following countries in order of decreasing Incidence of tularemia across the Globe

Slovakia , turkey, Japan

A

Japan

Slovakia

Turkey

31
Q

Francisella tularensis

Gram stain : (Well or Poorly?) staining

(tiny or large?)

Gram-______

(Bacillus or coccus?)

A

Poorly

Tiny

Negative

Cocobacilli

32
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I

(Small or large?)

(strongly or weakly ?) staining

gram- (positive or negative ?)

(Bacillus or coccus?)

0.2 to 0.2 – 0.7 um in size.

A

Small

Weakly

Negative

coccobacillus

33
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I

(Motile or Nonmotile?)

displays ______ staining with ____ stain

(Facultative or obligate?) (aerobe or anaerobe?)

weakly ______ positive.

A

Nonmotile

bipolar; Giemsa

Obligate aerobe

catalase

34
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I

(Young or Old?) cultures are relatively uniform in appearance while (younger or older?) cultures display extreme pleomorphism.

A

Young

Older

35
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I

Carbohydrates :

are dissimilated (slowly or rapidly?)

with the production of _____

but no ______.

A

Slowly

acid

gas

36
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I

Displays a _______ ______ whose loss is accompanied by loss of virulence.

A

thick capsule

37
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology II

The lipid concentration in the capsule and cell wall (________ %, respectively) is unusually (low or high ?) for a gram ______ organism.

A

50 – 70

High
Negative

38
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology II

The lipid composition is unique with relatively large amounts of _________ and _________ C20 to C26 fatty acids as well as _________ and ———— fatty acids.

A

long-chain saturated and monoenoic

alpha and beta hydroxyl

39
Q

Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology II

Biochemical characterization is of major value in identification

T/F

A

F

Biochemical characterization is of little value in identification (other tests are utilized).

40
Q

Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics

Optimal growth at ___0 C

growth range is ___0 to ___0 C.

Survival rate is best at (lower or higher?) temperatures.

A

37

24-39

Lower

41
Q

Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics

(Slow or rapid?) growing with a requirement for _________ and ________

A

Slow

iron and cysteine or cystine.

42
Q

Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics

_________ on routine culture media

small colony growth after 2 - 4 days on ________________ agar or ___________ agar.

A

No growth

glucose-cysteine-blood

peptone-cysteine

43
Q

Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics

_________ hemolysis on blood containing media , only a ______ discoloration.

A

No true

greenish

44
Q

Prevention and Treatment of tularemia

Vaccines can be used for treatment after exposure

T/F

With reason

A

F

Vaccines take too long to have an effect, so can’t be used for treatment after exposure

45
Q

Prevention and Treatment of tularemia

Antibiotics are effective for treatment after exposure

T/F

A

T

46
Q

Prevention and Treatment of tularemia

– Antibiotic treatment must begin _______ days post- exposure to prevent _____

A

several

relapse

47
Q

Antibiotics to Treat Tularemia

————- and ————

A

Tetracyclines and chloraphenicol

48
Q

Antibiotics to Treat Tularemia Tetracyclines and chloraphenicol

– Pros
_______ against tularemia

Can be administered ______

( Low or High?) toxicity

– Cons
Higher relapse rate than _________

A

Effective

orally

Low

aminoglycosides

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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