Tularemia Flashcards
Tularemia is a bacterial _____\ disease of the —————-
zoonotic
northern hemisphere.
Tularemia
The bacterium (________ ————) is (mildly or highly?) virulent for _____ and a range of animals such as ——-,———, and _______
Francisella tularensis
Highly
Humans
rodents, hares and rabbits.
Tularemia
It may cause epidemics
It may cause epizootics
T/F
T
T
F. tularensis is transmitted to humans
(i) by _________
(ii) by _________ with infected animals, infectious animal tissues or fluids,
(iii) by _______ of contaminated water or food
iv) by _______ of infective aerosols.
arthropod bites,
direct contact
ingestion
inhalation
Tularemia
There is human-to-human transmission.
T/F
F
There is no human-to-human transmission.
F. tularensis subspecies _______ (type ____) is one of the most infectious pathogens known in human medicine.
tularensis
A
F. tularensis subspecies tularensis (type A)
The infective dose in humans is extremely (low or high?)
Low
The risk posed by tularaemia can be properly managed
T/F
T
provided the public health system is well prepared.
In order to avoid laboratory-associated infection, safety measures are needed and consequently clinical laboratories do not generally accept specimens of F. tularensis for culture.
T/F
T
F. tularensis causes little to no concern as a potential bioterrorism agent.
T/F
F
Great concern
Francisella Tularensis
Organisms are strict anerobes
T/F
F
Strict Aerobes
Francisella Tularensis
Organisms grow best on ———— agar at ____°C
Facultative, ____cellular bacterium that multiplies within _______
blood-glucose-cysteine
37
intra
Macrophages
Francisella Tularensis
Major target organs are the lymph nodes, lungs, pleura, spleen, liver, and kidney
T/F
T
Two subspecies of Francisella tularensis
Type A – _________
Type B— ___________ (_______)
tularensis
palaeartica
holartica
Two subspecies of Francisella tularensis
Type A –tularensis
•Most common biovar isolated in _________
•May be highly virulent in ____________
•Infectious dose of less then ____ CFU
• Mortality of _____% in untreated cutaneous disease
North America
humans and animals
10
5-6
Two subspecies of Francisella tularensis
Type B—palaeartica (holartica)
•Thought to cause ____________ in Europe and Asia
•Relatively (virulent or avirulent?)
•Mortality of less then ____% in untreated cutaneous disease
all of human tularemia
avirulent
0.5
7 Forms of Tularemia
_______
__________
________(throat)
___________(eye)
_________
_______
_________
Ulceroglandular
Glandular
Oropharyngeal
Oculoglandular
Typhoidal
Septic
Pneumonic
Transmission of Tularemia
Route : Mode :
Skin or conjunctiva
Skin
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Handling of infected animals
Bite of infected blood- sucking deer flies and wood ticks
Ingestion of improperly cooked meat or contaminated water
Aerosol inhalation
Tularaemia is reported from most countries in the ________, although its occurrence varies (a bit or widely?) from one region to another.
northern hemisphere
widely
In some countries, endemic regions with frequent outbreaks are close to regions that are completely free of tularaemia.
T/F
T
There is also a wide variation with time.
In an endemic area, tularaemia may occur annually within a 5-year period, but may also be absent for more than a decade.
T/F
T
The reasons for this temporal variation in the occurrence of outbreaks of tularemia are well understood.
T/F
F
not well understood
When, after a ______, the first case of a new outbreak of tularemia appears, the disease may be more or less ——— and is therefore _____________
long lapse
forgotten
not easily diagnosed.
Francisella Tularensis
Can Survive For Weeks
T/F
T
Francisella Tularensis
(Softy or Hardy?)
(Spore or non-spore ?) forming
Hardy
non-spore
Reservoirs of francisella tularensis
_________ sized _______ are the principal natural reservoirs for F. tularensis
Small and medium
mammals
Vectors of francisella tularensis
_________
____________
_____________
Ticks
Mosquitoes
Biting Flies
Tularemia
Also Known As…
___________ (Utah)
_________ (Idaho and Montana)
____________(Washington D.C.)
__________ (Central States)
______________ (Japan)
Deer-fly fever
Glandular tick fever
Market men’s disease
Rabbit fever
O’Hara’s disease
Which country has the highest Incidence of tularemia across the Globe??
Japan
Rank the following countries in order of decreasing Incidence of tularemia across the Globe
Slovakia , turkey, Japan
Japan
Slovakia
Turkey
Francisella tularensis
Gram stain : (Well or Poorly?) staining
(tiny or large?)
Gram-______
(Bacillus or coccus?)
Poorly
Tiny
Negative
Cocobacilli
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I
(Small or large?)
(strongly or weakly ?) staining
gram- (positive or negative ?)
(Bacillus or coccus?)
0.2 to 0.2 – 0.7 um in size.
Small
Weakly
Negative
coccobacillus
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I
(Motile or Nonmotile?)
displays ______ staining with ____ stain
(Facultative or obligate?) (aerobe or anaerobe?)
weakly ______ positive.
Nonmotile
bipolar; Giemsa
Obligate aerobe
catalase
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I
(Young or Old?) cultures are relatively uniform in appearance while (younger or older?) cultures display extreme pleomorphism.
Young
Older
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I
Carbohydrates :
are dissimilated (slowly or rapidly?)
with the production of _____
but no ______.
Slowly
acid
gas
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology I
Displays a _______ ______ whose loss is accompanied by loss of virulence.
thick capsule
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology II
The lipid concentration in the capsule and cell wall (________ %, respectively) is unusually (low or high ?) for a gram ______ organism.
50 – 70
High
Negative
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology II
The lipid composition is unique with relatively large amounts of _________ and _________ C20 to C26 fatty acids as well as _________ and ———— fatty acids.
long-chain saturated and monoenoic
alpha and beta hydroxyl
Francisella tularensis
Morphology and Physiology II
Biochemical characterization is of major value in identification
T/F
F
Biochemical characterization is of little value in identification (other tests are utilized).
Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics
Optimal growth at ___0 C
growth range is ___0 to ___0 C.
Survival rate is best at (lower or higher?) temperatures.
37
24-39
Lower
Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics
(Slow or rapid?) growing with a requirement for _________ and ________
Slow
iron and cysteine or cystine.
Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics
_________ on routine culture media
small colony growth after 2 - 4 days on ________________ agar or ___________ agar.
No growth
glucose-cysteine-blood
peptone-cysteine
Francisella tularensis
Culture characteristics
_________ hemolysis on blood containing media , only a ______ discoloration.
No true
greenish
Prevention and Treatment of tularemia
Vaccines can be used for treatment after exposure
T/F
With reason
F
Vaccines take too long to have an effect, so can’t be used for treatment after exposure
Prevention and Treatment of tularemia
Antibiotics are effective for treatment after exposure
T/F
T
Prevention and Treatment of tularemia
– Antibiotic treatment must begin _______ days post- exposure to prevent _____
several
relapse
Antibiotics to Treat Tularemia
————- and ————
Tetracyclines and chloraphenicol
Antibiotics to Treat Tularemia Tetracyclines and chloraphenicol
– Pros
_______ against tularemia
Can be administered ______
( Low or High?) toxicity
– Cons
Higher relapse rate than _________
Effective
orally
Low
aminoglycosides
