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Mycology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mycology refers to the study of ______

A

Fungi

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2
Q

Mycoses are ______

A

fungal infections.

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3
Q

Fungi are a diverse group of ____tic and ____tic eukaryotic organisms.

A

saprophy

parasi

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4
Q

Saprophytic means deriving nourishment from _____

A

dead organic matter

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5
Q

Fungi are approximately ____ in size

A

4um

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6
Q

CELL STRUCTURE of fungi

Cell membrane
-The fungal cell membrane contains ______ rather than the cholesterol found in mammalian membranes.

A

ergosterol

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7
Q

Cell wall of fungi

-The fungal cell wall consists primarily of ____ (not _____ as in bacteria)
-The fungal cell wall contains other polysaccharides as well, the most important of which is ____ , a long polymer of D-glucose.

A

chitin

peptidoglycan

β-glucan

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8
Q

Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of long chains of _____

A

N-acetylglucosamine.

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9
Q

Fungal characteristics

-Most fungi are obligate ____; some are ______; but none are ______

A

aerobes

facultative anaerobes

obligate anaerobes.

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10
Q

-only some fungi are chemoheterotrophs.

T/F

A

F

All fungi are

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11
Q

chemoheterotrophs means They require _______—hence their frequent association with _____

A

an organic source of carbon

decaying matter.

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12
Q

The natural habitat of most fungi is the ____ or _____.

An important exception is _____, which is part of the ________

A

soil

decaying organic matter

Candida albicans

normal human flora.

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13
Q

_______ is the site of action of antifungal drugs, amphotericin B & azole group.

A

Ergosterol

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14
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

Fungi are morphologically classified into:

*____-like fungi
*____-like fungi

A

mold

Yeast

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15
Q

mold-like fungi: e.g ____,____

*Yeast-like fungi e.g _________

A

Mucor, Rhizopus

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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16
Q

Molds ( ______ fungi )
-The vegetative body of mold-like fungi is typically a ______ with ______

A

filamentous

mass of threads with many branches

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17
Q

Molds

Mass+ branches

This mass is called a ______, which grows by _______ and _____

-The branches/threads (____) are actually ____ cells that, in some fungi, are partitioned into segments (septate), whereas, in other fungi, the hyphae are uninterrupted by cross-walls (nonseptate).

A

mycelium

branching and tip elongation.

hyphae

tubular

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18
Q

In septate fungi, the cytoplasm of the hyphae is discontinuous.

T/F

A

F

Even in septate fungi, the septae are perforated so that the cytoplasm of the hyphae is continuous.

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19
Q

Molds

Their ____ on agar aids their diagnosis by their ______ and ______ produced

A

colony

appearance and pigments

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20
Q

YEASTS

-These fungi exist as populations of (single or double ?) , (connected or unconnected?) ,______ shaped cells.

-They reproduce by ______ known as _____.

A

Single

unconnected

spheroid

the formation of buds

blastospores

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21
Q

YEASTS

They are also called budding yeast

Why?

A

They appear with daughter cells attached

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22
Q

Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in appearance

T/F

A

T

Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in appearance and in consistency

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23
Q

Dimorphic fungi
-Some fungal species, especially those that cause ____, are dimorphic, being yeast-like in one environment and mold-like in another

-This is usually dependent on _____ and as such, they are also called ____ .

A

systemic mycoses

temperature

thermally dimorphic

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24
Q

Dimorphic fungi

Molds in the environment (_______ phase) __-__C.
-Yeast (________ phase) __C.

-Examples; ________,______,______

A

saprophytic ; 25 – 27

parasitic/pathologic; 37

Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces, Talaromyces marneffei

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25
Q

Fungal reproduction

-______ is the principal means by which fungi reproduce and spread through the environment.

A

Sporulation

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26
Q

Fungal sporulation

Spores can be generated only asexually

T/F

A

F

Spores can be generated either asexually or sexually

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27
Q

Fungal sporulation

the spores are metabolically active

T/F

A

F

Metabolically dormant

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28
Q

Fungal spores are protected cells with (thin or thick ?) cells walls and (easy or difficult?) to destroy.

They also tend to be released in (small or large?) amounts.

A

Thick

Difficult

Large

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29
Q

Asexual Sporulation:

-Asexual spores (aka _____ ) are formed by (mitosis or meiosis?) in or on specialized hyphae (_______ )

A

conidia

mitosis

conidiophores

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30
Q

The color of a typical fungal colony seen on bread, fruit, or culture plate is caused by the _____

A

conidia.

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31
Q

Conidia can be easily detached from their underlying mycelia

T/F

A

T

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32
Q

Some important conidia include:

*_______
*________
*_______
*_________

A

Arthrospores

Chlamydospores

Blastospores

Sporangiospores

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33
Q

Arthrospores, which arise by ________________ and are the mode of transmission of __________

A

fragmentation of the ends of hyphae

Coccidioides immitis

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34
Q

Chlamydospores, which are ____ shape, (thin or thick?)-walled, and quite resistant

A

Round
Thick

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35
Q

Blastospores, which are formed by the _______

A

budding process

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36
Q

C. Albicans, can form multiple buds that _____, thus producing ________ called ______, which can be used for identification

A

do not detach

sausagelike chains

pseudohyphae

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37
Q

Sporangiospores, which are formed within a sac ( _____ ) on a stalk by molds such as ______,___

A

sporangium

Rhizopus and Mucor

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38
Q

Sexual Sporulation:
-Some fungi reproduce sexually by _____ and forming ______ (e.g., ____spores, _____spores, and ____spores).

A

mating

sexual spores

zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores

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39
Q

Zygospores are (single or double ?) (small or large?) spores with (thin or thick?) walls

A

Single

Large

Thick

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40
Q

ascospores are formed in a sac called ____

A

ascus

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41
Q

basidiospores are formed __ternally on the ___ of a pedestal called a _____.

A

ex

tip

basidium

42
Q

Laboratory identifications of fungi
-__________ examination,
-_______ of the organism
-_______ tests
- _______Tests

A

Direct microscopic

Culture

DNA probe

Serologic

43
Q

Direct examination
-Direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens.

-The specimen is either treated with _______ to dissolve tissue material, leaving the alkali-resistant ___ intact, or stained with special fungal stains.

A

10% potassium hydroxide (KOH)

fungi

44
Q

culture
-Fungi are frequently cultured on _____

A

Sabouraud’s agar

45
Q

Function of Sabouraud’s agar

A

It facilitates the appearance of the slow-growing fungi by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the specimen

46
Q

MYCOSES
They may be classified into;

-_________

-_______

-________

-_______

A

Cutaneous (Superficial)

Subcutaneous

Systemic

Opportunistic

47
Q

Cutaneous (Superficial) MYCOSES:

Also called _____, these common diseases are caused by a group of related fungi, the ———.

They majorly affect ____,____,___

A

dermatophytoses

dermatophytes

hair, nails , skin

48
Q

Dermatophytes fall into three genera, each with many species:

Mention the genera

A

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum

49
Q

Which of these doesn’t affect nails

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum

A

Microsporum

50
Q

Subcutaneous

Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of the _____,_______,and ______

Examples are _______ and ——-

A

dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and bone.

Sporotrichosis and Chromomycosis.

51
Q

Systemic

Fungi may systemically affect the

_________ or _______

Examples include ——-,——-,——

A

immunocompetent or immunicompromised

Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis

52
Q

Opportunistic

Opportunistic mycoses afflict ______ or _______ individuals but are rare in ____ individual

-Important examples include ______,_____

A

debilitated or immunocompromised

healthy

Candidiasis and cryptococcosis.

53
Q

Yeasts produce
endotoxins

T/F

A

F

54
Q

Yeasts produce exotoxins

T/F

A

F

55
Q

Mycotoxins:______ produced by fungi e.g aflatoxin of Aspergillus flavus
Mytoxicosis: fungi ______

A

toxins

intoxication

56
Q

Fungi

-are (autotrophic or heterotrophic?) eukaryotes
-Morphologically categorized into ____ (___-celled) and ________ (______) forms.

Fungi are like mammalian cells, that is, they are eukaryotic but their cell membranes differ in that they contain ______, while mammalian cells contain _______.

A

heterotrophic

yeast; single; filamentous; mold

ergosterol
cholesterol

57
Q

Over 5 million species of fungi are estimated to be in existence with only ~_____ species accounting for disease in humans.

A

300

58
Q

Fungal cell structure

fungi cell wall is made up of ____,______ and _____________.

Size-diameter
__ um

_______ dimorphism.
Metabolism.

A

chitin, mannan; both alpha - and β-glucans

4

Thermal

59
Q

______ is the site of action of antifungal drugs, amphtericin B & azole group

A

Ergosterol

60
Q

_______,______,_______,________, and _________ fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Talaromyces marneffei remain the main fungal pathogens responsible for the majority cases of serious fungal disease.

_____,_______, and ________ are always lethal unless diagnosed and treated early and correctly.

A

Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus species, Pneumocystis jirovecii, endemic dimorphic

Cryptococcal meningitis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and disseminated histoplasmosis

61
Q

Most fungi are ________, some are ______, but none are ______

A

obligatory aerobes

facultative anaerobes

obligatory anaerobes.

62
Q

Not all fungi require a performed organic source of carbon –association with decaying matter.

T/F

A

F
All !!!

63
Q

Natural habitat of fungi is the _____ except for ______ which is part normal flora of ______

A

environment

Candida spp

humans

64
Q

Fungi causes diseases primarily in humans if they are ______ OR if the fungal _________ is ______

A

immunosuppressed

spores (load/burden) is much.

65
Q

Common immunosuppression that predispose to mycoses are ____,_____,_____,______,_____,______, and ________etc.

A

diabetes, HIV/AIDS, long term steroid use, cancers, cancer treatments, stem cell and solid organ transplant

66
Q

Filamentous fungi

The basic morphological elements of filamentous fungi are _________, which intertwine to produce a ______

Colonies are (weakly or strongly?) adherent to the medium and unlike most bacterial colonies cannot be ______

Hyphae can be ______ or _____
Their _______ on _____ aids their diagnosis by their appearance and _______ produced

A

long branching filaments or hyphae

mass of filaments or mycelium

Strongly ; emulsified in water

septate or non septate

colony on agar; pigments

67
Q

YEAST

These occur in the form of ______ or _____ bodies which reproduce by the formation of buds known as ______.

They are also called _______, with _______ cells attached

A

round or oval

blastospores

budding yeast; daughter

68
Q

Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in appearance but not in consistency.

T/F

A

F

Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in appearance and in consistency.

69
Q

Dimorphic fungi

Molds in the environment (______ phase) __-__C.
Yeast (_______/______ phase) ___C.

A

saprophytic; 25-270C

parasitic/pathologic; 370C

70
Q

Dimorphic fungi

In human body they are _____

A

yeast

71
Q

Dimorphic fungi

Examples; ________,_______,_____

A

Histoplasma carpsulatum, Blastomyces, Talaromyces marneffei

72
Q

Mycoses( fungal infections)
Can be :

______
______
______
_____

A

Superficial
Subcutaneous
Systemic
Opportunistic

73
Q

Fungi wall is made of 3 things

A

Chitin
Glucan
Mannan

74
Q

Mycetoma

______ mycoses

A

Subcutaneous

75
Q

Sporotrichosis

________ mycoses

A

Subcutaneous

76
Q

Chromomycosis

________ mycoses

A

Subcutaneous

77
Q

Trichophyton

________ mycoses

A

Superficial

78
Q

Epidermophyton

________ mycoses

A

Superficial

79
Q

Microsporum

________ mycoses

A

Superficial

80
Q

Histoplasmosis

________ mycoses

A

Systemic

81
Q

Blastomycosis

________ mycoses

A

Systemic

82
Q

Coccidiodomycosis

________ mycoses

A

Systemic

83
Q

Cryptococcosis

________ mycoses

A

Opportunistic

84
Q

Candidiasis

________ mycoses

A

Opportunistic

85
Q

Coccidioides immitis

______ form of sporulation

A

Arthrospores

86
Q

Candida albicans

______ form of sporulation

A

Blastospores

87
Q

Rhizopus

______ form of sporulation

A

Sporangiospores

88
Q

Mucor

______ form of sporulation

A

Sporangiospores

89
Q

Saccarhomyces cerevisae

Yeast or mold?

A

Yeast

90
Q

Mucor

Yeast or mold

A

Mold

91
Q

Rhizopus

Yeast or mold

A

Mold

92
Q

__toxin of _______

A

Aflatoxin

Aspergillus Flavus

93
Q

Most fungi are abundant in the ecosystem.
T/F

A

T

94
Q

Over _____ species of fungi are estimated to be in existence with only ___ species accounting for disease in humans.

A

5 million

~300

95
Q

PCR is used to ____

A

Amplify DNA

96
Q

Serologic tests is used to ______

A

Identify the Antigens or antibodies

97
Q

In _____ mycoses, an injury has to occur for penetration, infection, and spread to occur

A

Subcutaneous

98
Q

Imperfect fungi are fungi that _______

A

Do not undergo sexual reproduction

99
Q

_________ prevents the growth on bacteria in sabouraud’s dextrose agar

A

10% chloramphenicol

100
Q

Some Fungi are edible
T/F

A

T

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