Prevention Of Viral Vaccine Flashcards
Two Types of Immunization
________ immunization and ______ immunization
Passive; Active
Passive Immunization
• Methods of acquisition include ______,_____,_______
• Protection that is ______ from _____ or ____
natural maternal antibodies, antitoxins, and immune globulins
transferred
another person or animal
Active Immunization
• Methods of acquisition include ______,_______, and ________
• Relatively (temporary or permanent?)
natural infection, vaccines (many types), and toxoids
permanent
Active Immunization
• Natural Infection with ______ or artificial acquisition (______)
• Both stimulate the proliferation of ____ cells, resulting in the formation of _____ and _____ cells
microorganism; vaccine; T and B ; effector and memory
The formation of ________ is the basis for the relatively (temporary or permanent?) effects of vaccinations
memory cells ; permanent
Effectiveness of Vaccinations
• (Small or large?) percentage of recipients will respond poorly due to factors such as _____ determinants
•______ Immunity: Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible individual contacting infected individual is low. Eg in _______ Epidemic
Small
genetic
Herd
Measles
Development of Vaccines
Multiple factors affect decisions when making vaccines
1. Activation of _______ of immune system
2. Development of __________
specific branch
immunological memory
Development of Vaccines
Common misconception that ____________ results in protective immunity
activation of the immune system
Role of Memory Cells
Short Incubation Periods
• example is _______
• Symptoms are _____ by the time memory cells are activated
•____ immunizations with _____ antibodies
Influenza
already under way
Repeated; neutralizing
Role of Memory Cells
Depends on __________ of pathogen
incubation period
Role of memory cells
Long Incubation Periods
• example is _______
•_____ time to allow memory B cells to respond
Poliovirus
Enough
Types of Vaccines
•____________
•_________
•___
•______
•______ Subunit
Whole-Organism
Purified Macromolecules
DNA; Synthetic Peptide; Multivalent
Types of Vaccines
Whole-Organism which could either be ______ or _____
Attenuated
inactivated
Types of Vaccines
Purified Macromolecules such as ___,_____,____,___
Polysaccharide, Toxoid, Recombinant Antigen, Recombinant-Vector
Attenuated Viral or Bacterial Vaccines
• Attenuation – to reduce in force, value, amount, or degree; weaken
• Achieved by ___________________
• eg ________________ for tuberculosis and leprosy
• Act as a double edged sword, as they have distinct advantages and disadvantages…
growth under abnormal culture conditions
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
Advantages of Attenuated Bacterial or Viral Vaccines
• Advantages stem from their capacity for _______
• (shortened or Prolonged?) immune-system exposure
•(single or repeated?) immunizations
• Replication occurs within ____
transient growth
Prolonged
Single
host cells
Disadvantages of Attenuated Bacterial or Viral Vaccines
• MAJOR disadvantage is _______. example, Rate of reversion of Sabin Polio vaccine is one case in ______ doses
• Presence of ______ as _________
• Unforeseen ___________
possible reversion
4 million
other viruses as contaminants
postvaccine complications
Inactivated Viral or Bacterial Vaccines
• Methods of inactivation include ____ or ______ , with the End result as …. Loss of _______
• Difficult to inactivate due to potential for ________ • Dependence on higher order levels of protein structure
heat or chemical agents
replication ability
denaturation of epitopes
Attenuation vs. Inactivation
ATTENUATION
• Normally require ___ dosage to induce relatively (temporary or permanent ?) immunity
• Primarily ________ in nature
• Despite reliance on _______ immunity, there is increased ____ response
•(more or less?) stable
INACTIVATED
• Requires ________
• Emphasis on activating ____ immunity
•_____ are used
•(more or less?) stable
one ;permanent ; cell-mediated; cell-mediated; IgA; less
multiple boosters; humoral; adjuvants ; more
Attenuated vaccine is produced by growth of a pathogen under _____ conditions or _____ of a virulent human pathogen through _____
adverse culture
prolonged passage
different hosts
Inactivated vaccine , virulent pathogen is inactivated by ______ or ______ with ______
chemicals or irradiation with gamma rays
Adjuvants
• Adjuvants are not CRITICAL for the use of inactivated vaccines. T/F
F
They are
Adjuvants
• Most widely used are ________ (mainly _______ or _____)
• Effects include ________,________, and ________
aluminum salt
hydroxide or phosphate
liberation of antigen, chemoattraction, and inflammation
Answer with inactivated or live attenuated
Anthrax
Cholera
Pertussis
Plague
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
inactivated
inactivated
inactivated
inactivated
live attenuated
live attenuated
Answer with inactivated or live attenuated
Hepatitis A
Influenza
Measles
Mumps
Sabin polio
inactivated
inactivated
live attenuated
live attenuated
live attenuated
Answer with inactivated or live attenuated
Salk polio
Rabies
Rotavirus
Rubella
Varicella zoster
Yellow fever
inactivated
inactivated
live attenuated
inactivated
live attenuated
live attenuated
List 2 organisms vaccinated against using toxoids
Diphtheria- inactivated exotoxin(toxoids)
Tetanus -inactivated exotoxin(toxoids)
Form of vaccination
Hepatitis B-
recombinant surface antigen
