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House Microbiology > Diptheria > Flashcards

Diptheria Flashcards

1
Q

Diphtheria is a bacterial URTI

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

Diphtheria

Aetiological Agent:

•________________

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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3
Q

Diphtheria
Characteristics

• Gram __________
• Sporulating or Non-sporulating
• Encaspulated or Non-encapsulated
• Motile or Non-motile
•coccus or bacillus

A

positive

Non-sporulating

Non-encapsulated

Non-motile

Bacillus

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4
Q

Diphtheria

_______ are the only known reservoir

A

Humans

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5
Q

Diphtheria

Transmission:
• Spreads via _________ and _______

•____________ is important in transmission

A

air droplets and direct contact

Asymptomatic carriage

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6
Q

Diphtheria

Incubation period of _____-_____

A

2-5 days

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7
Q

Morphology of diphtheria

______ shaped

________ granules giving a _______ appearance

A

Club

Metachromatic

beaded

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8
Q

Morphology of diphtheria

______ lettering appearance, because the ____________ or at _______ to each other

A

Chinese

rods lie parallel

acute angles

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9
Q

Morphology:

On blood agar, the diphtheria colonies are (small or large?) and ____color with ______ edges

On tellurite blood agar, it produces _____________ colonies

A

Small; gray ; irregular

brown or black

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10
Q

__________ media for corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Loeffler’s serum

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11
Q

Biotypes of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

List 4

A

Gravis
Intermedius
Mitis
Belfanti

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12
Q

Diphtheria Virulence factors

Diphtheria toxin
• Heat ______

• Has _________ Fragments

A

labile

A and B

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13
Q

Diphtheria Virulence factors

Diphtheria toxin

Fragment A: inhibits _______________

Fragment B: binds to ______ and ___________________________ via _______________

A

polypeptide chain elongation

receptors

allows the rest of the toxin (Fragment A) to enter the cell

receptor mediated endocytosis

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of Diptheria

Diphtheria toxin gets into Mucous membranes

Destroys _______ and causes _______ that leads to ______

_______+ _______+ _______+ _______ forms a __________ over the tonsils, pharynx and larynx

_______________ become enlarged.

A

membrane epithelium

inflammation; necrosis

Necrotic epithelium + Fibrin + red and white cells

grayish pseudomembrane

Regional lymph nodes

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15
Q

Pathogenesis
• Toxin can also cause distant damages, particularly to;

________
___________
_________
_________
____________

A

Heart muscle
Liver
Kidneys
Adrenal Glands
Nerves (demyelination)

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16
Q

• diphtheriae does not need to be toxigenic to establish localized infection but nontoxigenic strains do not yield the localized or systemic toxic effects.

A

Tf?

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17
Q

Clinical Features

————
Fever
Dyspnea (due to the _________)
_______
______itis
______________

Cutaneous infection causes _________

A

Sore throat

pseudomembrane

Suffocation

Card

Motor Neuropathy

indolent ulcers

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18
Q

Circulating diptheria toxin is potentially fatal

T/F

A

T

19
Q

Clinical Features of diptheria

Fever : Low or High ? grade

A

Low

20
Q

Diagnosis of Diptheria

Presumptive

Confirmation by observing ______ on Tellurite medium

______ shows toxic gene

_________

A

Brown colonies

PCR

Culture

21
Q

Diagnosis of Diptheria

Culture

_________ plate, ______ serum agar or modified _______ are preferred.

______ agar or _____ agar may also be used

______ from nose, throat or other suspected lesions are used

A

Tellurite; Loffler’s

Tinsdale medium

Blood; Pai

Swabs

22
Q

Diptheria test for Toxigenicity

_____ Test
PCR
ELISA
Immunographic strip assay

A

Elek

23
Q

Therapy for Diphtheria

_________________ is given IV before waiting for diagnosis

Antimicrobials e.g Penicillin, erythromycin inhibits bacterial growth thereby _______________

A

Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT)

arresting toxin production

24
Q

Prevention of Diphtheria

•_________________
• Chemoprophylaxis for close contacts

A

Toxoid immunization (DPT)

25
Q

Gram stain

Staining is (uniform or uneven?), ___________ appearance

A

Uneven

cross-banded

26
Q

metachromatic or _______ granules

A

volutin

27
Q

Sites of infection

Main - _______,_____,______

Others -_____,______

A

pharynx, larynx , nose

skin, genitals

28
Q

Non toxigenic strains also cause diptheria,

T/F

A

F

Non toxigenic strains do not cause diptheria, but may cause other diseases e. g. endocarditis, septicaemia

29
Q

__________ on attempting to remove the pseudomembrane

A

Bleeding

30
Q

__________ enlarged to give the bull neck appearance

A

Cervical nodes

31
Q

Cervical nodes enlarged to give the ______ appearance

A

bull neck

32
Q

Clinical types - ______________

Most severe form, high mortality, sequelae

A

nasopharyngeal

33
Q

Clinical types -nasopharyngeal

________

___________

A

Faucial

Laryngeal

34
Q

Clinical types -nasopharyngeal

Faucial;affects _____,_____,_____,______

Difficulty in ________,
__________ lymph nodes

Laryngeal
secondary to ____________.
_______ obstruction ; Cervical nodes present

A

tonsils, uvula, soft palate, pharynx

swallowing; Enlarged neck

faucial diphtheria; respiratory

35
Q

Clinical types

• Anterior nasal diphtheria
(mild or severe?) form
toxin (more or less?) well absorbed
main symptom is ______________
(Mildly or highly ?) infectious

•Cutaneous diphtheria
_______ or _______ ———-

A

Mild; less

nasal discharge ; highly

Acute or chronic ulcers

36
Q

Complications of Diphtheria

Cardiovascular - _________

Neurological - _________ -______ or ______ nerves

Renal – manifest as ____________

Bronchitis, _______pneumonia, otitis media.

A

myocarditis

polyneuritis; cranial or peripheral

albuminuria

bronchopneumonia

37
Q

Complications

Neurological - polyneuritis - cranial or peripheral nerves -

results in ______ of ________ , _______ of fluids, _______ and ———- paralysis

A

paralysis of soft palate

regurgitation

diaphragmatic and limb

38
Q

Diagnosis
• Treatment based on _________ and not __________

A

clinical suspicion

laboratory diagnosis

39
Q

Diagnosis

• Lab diagnosis is important for _________

A

epidemiology

40
Q

Laboratory diagnosis

_______ stain, ______ stain, ________ stain

Culture: ________ slant , ______ agar

A

Gram; Neisser’s; Albert’s

Loefflers; Tellurite

41
Q

Laboratory diagnosis

Biochemical tests

Ferments ______ (with or without?) gas

never ferments _________

A

glucose

without

saccharose

42
Q

Virulence test

–invivo :__________

-invitro: _______ test , tissue _______

molecular biology tests

A

laboratory animal

Elek

culture

43
Q

Virulence test: Elek test

-Most __________

-_____________ test

A

commonly used

Gel diffusion precipitin

44
Q

Treatment

_______ to prevent spread

________–on clinical suspicion

_________ for laryngeal obstruction

A

Isolate

Antitoxin

Tracheostomy

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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