Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, chancroid Flashcards
TSS is a/an (common or uncommon?) but (mild or severe?) (acute or chronic ?) illness due to __________ produced by specific strains of _______________ or ____________
uncommon ; severe
acute ; exotoxins
Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pyogenes
TSS
It is a (common or rare?) , life-threatening complication of certain types of bacterial infections.
Often results from toxins produced by _________________ .
Can also be caused by toxins produced by ____________________ bacteria.
rare
staphylococcus aureus.
group A streptococcus bacteria.
Risk factors of TSS
Prolonged use of _______________ in menstruating women (most common)
Use of ____________ and vaginal _________ (by women)
_________ infections
highly absorbent tampons
contraceptive diaphragms; vaginal sponges
Wound infections
Staph aureus
Gram-_______ pathogen responsible for (superficial or deep?)-seated infections
(Frequent or Seldom?) colonizer of asymptomatic carriers
Gram-positive
superficial and deep-
Frequent
Staph aureus
Responsible for both ______ and _______ related diseases
Primary cause of _______- and _______ acquired __________ infections
pyogenic and toxin
community- and hospital
bloodstream infections
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
Occasionally reported as ________________
Increased staphylococcal TSS cases occurred in (young or old?) women who used _________________ during menses.
Associated with a toxin called _____________________ secreted locally by toxigenic strains.
staphylococcal scarlet fever ; young
high-absorbency tampons
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)
Staphylococcal aureus
__________ producer responsible for toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning
Most _______ species of the more than _____ Staphylococcus spp.
Superantigen
virulent
40
Pathogenesis of staphylococcal TSS
There are two clinical forms of TSS
_______ TSS and ____________ TSS
menstrual TSS and nonmenstrual TSS
________ TSS is associated with TSST-1
Menstrual
Menstrual Toxic shock Syndrome
Its expression requires specific conditions that include
(1) ___________ protein level;
(2) a relatively _______ pH (—— to ____)
(3) an _______ PCO2
(4) an _______ PO2
All four conditions are met when menstruation is combined with ________________________
elevated protein level;
neutral pH ; 6.5 to 8
elevated ; elevated
the use of high-absorbency tampons
Menstrual TSS
Clinical signs include
_____ fever, _____tension
hypo________, generalized _________
________ rash, followed by _________ after a few days.
high ; hypo
albuminemia ; nonpitting edema
morbilliform ; desquamation
Non-menstrual TSS
Associated with:
•_________
•Enterotoxins _____ and _____ (—————————-)
TSST-1
Enterotoxins SEB and SEC
staphylococcal enterotoxin B&C
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of TSS is both clinical and laboratory
The toxin is produced _______, and blood culture results may be _______.
The mortality rate of adequately treated staphylococcal TSS is approximately ____%,
locally ; negative.
5%,
Treatment of TSS
Elimination of the causative agent with _______ treatment
Appropriate _______ of affected tissues (if necessary)
Supportive care like _________
Immunotherapy (passive) such as ____________________could be effective.
antibiotic treatment
drainage ; intravenous fluid
Immunotherapy
intravenous immune globulin (IVIG)
Prevention of TSS
Avoid the use of ___________
Preventing staphylococcal colonization of _______ and ________.
Control cultures should be taken thereafter.
____________ with a __________ could be a potential.
hyperabsorbent tampons
wound and mucosa.
Active immunization ; TSST-1 vaccine
Chancroid
A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by infection with ______________
Also known as ‘______________’
(Acute or Chroic?) , (contagious or non-contagious?)
Features: pain___ ulcers, _________ of inguinal lymph nodes
Haemophilus ducreyi
‘soft chancre’
Acute ; contagious
painful ulcers, suppuration
Haemophilus ducreyi
Gram ______ coccobacilli
Fastidious
Require _______ (_____ factor) for growth
Does not require _____ (____ factor)
Gram negative
hemin (X factor)
NAD (V factor)
Laboratory diagnosis of Chancroid
Specimen: _________ from ________, ___ from bulbo
Microscopy: gram stain – G____CB
Culture: _________ agar (supplemented with isovitaleX) in 5%-10% CO2 atmosphere
Antigen detection Molecular technique: PCR
exudate ; egde of ulcers
pus ; GNCB
chocolate
Treatment of chancroid
__________
Co-trimoxazole
Ciprofloxacin
_________
_________
Erythromycin Co-trimoxazole Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone Ofloxacin
