Bacteriology Flashcards
Cell wall
acts as a _______ to protect cell contents from external environment
maintains cell ________ in a ____ environment
contributes to sensitivity to certain ________ and the _____ system (antibodies, phagocytes)
Barrier
osmotic pressure; hypotonic
antimicrobial agents (penicillin)
immune
Cell wall determines reactivity to Gram stain
T/F
T
Gram positive cell wall
-peptidoglycan makes up ____% of the cell wall
-Techoic acid – polysaccharide, ____, is Important for ________ of some bacteria
60-90
antigenic
serologic identification
If peptidoglycan is digested away from the cell, gram positive cells lose their cell walls and become _______.
protoplasts
Protoplasts must be maintained in ______ solutions in order to survive.
isotonic
Gram negative cell wall
-A unique outer cell membrane that excludes all hydro____ molecules
This protects the bacteria from the action of _______ and ______ of the gut
It also contain (narrow or wide?) , restrictive protein channels called ____ which permits passage of (low or high?) molecular weight hydro___ molecules.
phobic
bile salts and toxins
Narrow ; porins; low ; philic
Large antibiotic molecules penetrate the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria (slowly or rapidly?) ( _______ )
Slowly
antibiotic resistance
Endotoxin/______ can trigger ______ and _______ in gram negative infections
Lipid A
fever and septic shock
Flagella
Are long filaments extending from the _________, which enable them to move in their environment.
they are built of _____ and are strongly ______.
The _______ are important targets of protective antibody response
cell surface
proteins
antigenic
H antigens
The flagella may be
polar -_______________
lophotrichous - ____________
amphitrichous:_______________
peritrichous - _____________
single cell, restricted to the pole
tuft at one pole
one or more flagella at both ends of the cell
distributed over the cell surface
Flagella can help in identifying certain types of bacteria e.g, _____ species show a rapid ‘swarming’ type of growth on solid media.
Proteus
CAPSULE
A gelatinous ________ and/or ______ outer covering
It may be firmly attached or loosely attached as a ______ ,Within which many cells can come together to form a ______, which may protect them from antibiotics and toxins
polysaccharide; polypeptide
slime layer
biofilm
Capsule can protect bacteria from phagocytosis by immune cells
T/F
T.
Capsule Permit bacteria to adhere to cell surfaces and structures
T/F
With examples
T
medical implants, catheters and so on.
Adherence is an important first step in _________ and sometimes leads to ______.
colonization
disease
Capsules can be a source of nutrients and energy to microbes.
T/F
T
Streptococcus mutans, which colonizes _____, ferments the ____ in the capsule and the _______ contribute to the resulting _______
teeth
sugar
acid byproducts
tooth decay.
Capsules don’t Prevent cell from drying out ( ________ )
T/F
F
desiccation
Polysaccharides from certain capsules is antigenic and can elicit production of _______ Included in ______
protective antibodies
vaccines
Plasmids replicate dependent on the chromosome
T/F
F
Plasmids replicate independently of the chromosome
Plasmids carry genes that are not essential for _____ but may give some advantage to an organism e.g they can carry genes for ________ and _______
cell survival
antibiotic resistance and toxin production.
Pili(___) project from the ______
Fimbriae
cell wall
Which are more rigid
Pili or flagella
Pili are more rigid than the flagella.
Pili function in _____________
(act as ______)
attachment to host cells
adhesins
Pili prevent phagocytosis
T/F
T
Pili is Present in many Gram ______ bacteria
negative
Neisseria gonorrhoea uses its fimbriae to ______________ and initiate an STD
attach to the lining of the genital tract
Sex pili act to _________ for ____________
join bacterial cells
transfer of DNA from one cell to another (bacterial conjugation)
Fimbriae also act as _______ for viruses that infect bacteria ( _____)
Receptors
bacteriophages
Fimbriae and cell walls of _________ are coated with ________
Streptococcus pyogenes
M protein.
M protein acts as an important _______ by _________ and resisting ______
virulence factor
adhering to host cells
phagocytosis
Erythromycin inhibits __S subunit
50
Gram positive thickly meshed peptidoglycan layer blocks diffusion of low molecular weight compounds so, some substances (antibiotics, dyes, detergents), can not pass through
F
Gram positive thickly meshed peptidoglycan layer does not block diffusion of low molecular weight compounds so, some substances (antibiotics, dyes, detergents), can pass through
Antibiotics and chemicals that are able to attack the peptidoglycan cell wall () are able to pass through the Gram negative cell wall
T/F
F
Unable
Gram positive organisms stain _____ or _____ or ____
Gram negative organisms stain _____ or ___
blue or purple or black.
pink or red
Medically important bacteria use _______ and ______ compounds as energy source to produce ATP
chemical and organic
Obligate intracellular organisms are capable of metabolic pathways
T/F
F
not capable of metabolic pathways
Obligate intracellular organisms get ATP from ______
Eg __________,_____
host cells
Chlamydia, Rickettsia
What’s the largest class of bacterias?
Gram negative bacilli
Mycobacteria – ______ stain
Spirochates –too ________
Mycoplasma –without _____, only _____
acid fast
small to be seen with light the microscope
cell wall; cell membrane
O (____) antigens to classify Gram _______ bacilli
O antigen, H (_____) antigen and Vi (_____) to classify Over ___ serotypes of ______
M protein classifies ______ into >___ types
Cell wall ______ antigen is used to group the ______
Somatic; negative
flagella; capsule; 2000; salmonella
S. pyogenes; 80
Carbohydrate; Streptococci
Kingdom _____
Division _______
Class ________
Order ________
Family ___________
Genus Escherichia
Species coli
Prokaryotae
Gracilicutes
Scotobacteria
Eubacteriales
Enterobacteriaceae
There are _____ gram positive bacterias
Mention their division
8
2 cocci
2 spore forming rods
2 non spore forming rods
2 atypical
Mention the gram positive coccis
Streptococci pneumoniae
Staphylococcus
Mention the gram positive spore forming rods
Clostridium
bacilli
Mention the gram positive non spore forming rods
Listeria
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Gardnerella
Mention the gram positive atypically organisms
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Clostridium
Obligate anerobes
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Bacteriodes
Obligate anaerobes
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Fusobacterium
Obligate anaerobes
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Actinomyces
Obligate anaerobes
Bordetella pectussis
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Obligate aerobes
Mycobacteria
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Obligate aerobes
Majority of bacterias fall under ______ class of bacterias based on love for oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
__________ class usually has superoxide dismitase that __________ and changes ______ to ______
Microaerophilic
Tackles free radicals
Superoxide oxygen to normal oxygen
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Spirochetes
Microaerophilic
Treponema pallidus
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Microaerophilic
Heptospiral interrogens
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Microaerophilic
Borrelia burgdoferri
Classify based on its love for oxygen
Microaerophilic
The only Microaerophilic bacteria that is visible under the microscope is??
Borrelia burgdoferri
Example of an acid fast stain
Ziehl neesen stain
Half life of warfarin
Half life of Chloramphenicol
2 weeks
18-50 hours
Anerobic rods-_____,_____
Aerobic rods - _____,______,_______,_____
clostridium, Actinomyces
bacillus, Nocardia, listeria, corynebacterium
Staphylococcus is catalase __
Streptococcus is catalase ___
+
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