Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell wall

acts as a _______ to protect cell contents from external environment

maintains cell ________ in a ____ environment

contributes to sensitivity to certain ________ and the _____ system (antibodies, phagocytes)

A

Barrier

osmotic pressure; hypotonic

antimicrobial agents (penicillin)

immune

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2
Q

Cell wall determines reactivity to Gram stain
T/F

A

T

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3
Q

Gram positive cell wall

-peptidoglycan makes up ____% of the cell wall
-Techoic acid – polysaccharide, ____, is Important for ________ of some bacteria

A

60-90

antigenic

serologic identification

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4
Q

If peptidoglycan is digested away from the cell, gram positive cells lose their cell walls and become _______.

A

protoplasts

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5
Q

Protoplasts must be maintained in ______ solutions in order to survive.

A

isotonic

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6
Q

Gram negative cell wall

-A unique outer cell membrane that excludes all hydro____ molecules

This protects the bacteria from the action of _______ and ______ of the gut

It also contain (narrow or wide?) , restrictive protein channels called ____ which permits passage of (low or high?) molecular weight hydro___ molecules.

A

phobic

bile salts and toxins

Narrow ; porins; low ; philic

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7
Q

Large antibiotic molecules penetrate the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria (slowly or rapidly?) ( _______ )

A

Slowly

antibiotic resistance

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8
Q

Endotoxin/______ can trigger ______ and _______ in gram negative infections

A

Lipid A

fever and septic shock

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9
Q

Flagella

Are long filaments extending from the _________, which enable them to move in their environment.

they are built of _____ and are strongly ______.
The _______ are important targets of protective antibody response

A

cell surface

proteins

antigenic

H antigens

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10
Q

The flagella may be

polar -_______________

lophotrichous - ____________

amphitrichous:_______________

peritrichous - _____________

A

single cell, restricted to the pole

tuft at one pole

one or more flagella at both ends of the cell

distributed over the cell surface

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11
Q

Flagella can help in identifying certain types of bacteria e.g, _____ species show a rapid ‘swarming’ type of growth on solid media.

A

Proteus

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12
Q

CAPSULE

A gelatinous ________ and/or ______ outer covering

It may be firmly attached or loosely attached as a ______ ,Within which many cells can come together to form a ______, which may protect them from antibiotics and toxins

A

polysaccharide; polypeptide

slime layer

biofilm

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13
Q

Capsule can protect bacteria from phagocytosis by immune cells

T/F

A

T.

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14
Q

Capsule Permit bacteria to adhere to cell surfaces and structures

T/F

With examples

A

T

medical implants, catheters and so on.

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15
Q

Adherence is an important first step in _________ and sometimes leads to ______.

A

colonization

disease

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16
Q

Capsules can be a source of nutrients and energy to microbes.

T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Streptococcus mutans, which colonizes _____, ferments the ____ in the capsule and the _______ contribute to the resulting _______

A

teeth

sugar

acid byproducts

tooth decay.

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18
Q

Capsules don’t Prevent cell from drying out ( ________ )
T/F

A

F

desiccation

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19
Q

Polysaccharides from certain capsules is antigenic and can elicit production of _______ Included in ______

A

protective antibodies

vaccines

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20
Q

Plasmids replicate dependent on the chromosome

T/F

A

F

Plasmids replicate independently of the chromosome

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21
Q

Plasmids carry genes that are not essential for _____ but may give some advantage to an organism e.g they can carry genes for ________ and _______

A

cell survival

antibiotic resistance and toxin production.

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22
Q

Pili(___) project from the ______

A

Fimbriae
cell wall

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23
Q

Which are more rigid

Pili or flagella

A

Pili are more rigid than the flagella.

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24
Q

Pili function in _____________
(act as ______)

A

attachment to host cells

adhesins

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25
Pili prevent phagocytosis T/F
T
26
Pili is Present in many Gram ______ bacteria
negative
27
Neisseria gonorrhoea uses its fimbriae to ______________ and initiate an STD
attach to the lining of the genital tract
28
Sex pili act to _________ for ____________
join bacterial cells transfer of DNA from one cell to another (bacterial conjugation)
29
Fimbriae also act as _______ for viruses that infect bacteria ( _____)
Receptors bacteriophages
30
Fimbriae and cell walls of _________ are coated with ________
Streptococcus pyogenes M protein.
31
M protein acts as an important _______ by _________ and resisting ______
virulence factor adhering to host cells phagocytosis
32
Erythromycin inhibits __S subunit
50
33
Gram positive thickly meshed peptidoglycan layer blocks diffusion of low molecular weight compounds so, some substances (antibiotics, dyes, detergents), can not pass through
F Gram positive thickly meshed peptidoglycan layer does not block diffusion of low molecular weight compounds so, some substances (antibiotics, dyes, detergents), can pass through
34
Antibiotics and chemicals that are able to attack the peptidoglycan cell wall () are able to pass through the Gram negative cell wall T/F
F Unable
35
Gram positive organisms stain _____ or _____ or ____ Gram negative organisms stain _____ or ___
blue or purple or black. pink or red
36
Medically important bacteria use _______ and ______ compounds as energy source to produce ATP
chemical and organic
37
Obligate intracellular organisms are capable of metabolic pathways T/F
F not capable of metabolic pathways
38
Obligate intracellular organisms get ATP from ______ Eg __________,_____
host cells Chlamydia, Rickettsia
39
What’s the largest class of bacterias?
Gram negative bacilli
40
Mycobacteria – ______ stain Spirochates –too ________ Mycoplasma –without _____, only _____
acid fast small to be seen with light the microscope cell wall; cell membrane
41
O (____) antigens to classify Gram _______ bacilli O antigen, H (_____) antigen and Vi (_____) to classify Over ___ serotypes of ______ M protein classifies ______ into >___ types Cell wall ______ antigen is used to group the ______
Somatic; negative flagella; capsule; 2000; salmonella S. pyogenes; 80 Carbohydrate; Streptococci
42
Kingdom _____ Division _______ Class ________ Order ________ Family ___________ Genus Escherichia Species coli
Prokaryotae Gracilicutes Scotobacteria Eubacteriales Enterobacteriaceae
43
There are _____ gram positive bacterias Mention their division
8 2 cocci 2 spore forming rods 2 non spore forming rods 2 atypical
44
Mention the gram positive coccis
Streptococci pneumoniae Staphylococcus
45
Mention the gram positive spore forming rods
Clostridium bacilli
46
Mention the gram positive non spore forming rods
Listeria Corynebacterium diphtheria Gardnerella
47
Mention the gram positive atypically organisms
Actinomyces Nocardia
48
Classify based on its love for oxygen Clostridium
Obligate anerobes
49
Classify based on its love for oxygen Bacteriodes
Obligate anaerobes
50
Classify based on its love for oxygen Fusobacterium
Obligate anaerobes
51
Classify based on its love for oxygen Actinomyces
Obligate anaerobes
52
Bordetella pectussis Classify based on its love for oxygen
Obligate aerobes
53
Mycobacteria Classify based on its love for oxygen
Obligate aerobes
54
Majority of bacterias fall under ______ class of bacterias based on love for oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
55
__________ class usually has superoxide dismitase that __________ and changes ______ to ______
Microaerophilic Tackles free radicals Superoxide oxygen to normal oxygen
56
Classify based on its love for oxygen Spirochetes
Microaerophilic
57
Treponema pallidus Classify based on its love for oxygen
Microaerophilic
58
Heptospiral interrogens Classify based on its love for oxygen
Microaerophilic
59
Borrelia burgdoferri Classify based on its love for oxygen
Microaerophilic
60
The only Microaerophilic bacteria that is visible under the microscope is??
Borrelia burgdoferri
61
Example of an acid fast stain
Ziehl neesen stain
62
Half life of warfarin Half life of Chloramphenicol
2 weeks 18-50 hours
63
Anerobic rods-_____,_____ Aerobic rods - _____,______,_______,_____
clostridium, Actinomyces bacillus, Nocardia, listeria, corynebacterium
64
Staphylococcus is catalase __ Streptococcus is catalase ___
+ -