Plague Flashcards
Plague is caused by the bacteria ___________, a ______ bacteria usually found in _______ and _______
Yersinia pestis
zoonotic
small mammals and their fleas.
People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of __________ days.
dagascar, and Peru.
one to seven
Plague
There are two main clinical forms of plague infection: ______ and _______
bubonic and pneumonic
_______ plague is the most common form and is characterized by _____________ or ____________
Bubonic
painful swollen lymph nodes or ‘buboes’.
Plague is transmitted between animals and humans by _______________, direct contact with _______, and ___________
the bite of infected fleas
infected tissues
inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.
Plague can be a very severe disease in people, with a case-fatality ratio of ___% to ____% for the _______ type, and is always fatal for the ______ kind when left untreated.
30
60
bubonic
pneumonic
Antibiotic treatment is effective against plague bacteria
T/F
T
so early diagnosis and early treatment can save lives.
Currently, the three most endemic countries are the ______________,________, and __________
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru.
plague was responsible for widespread pandemics with high mortality. It was known as the “________” during the ________ century, causing more than __________ deaths in Europe.
Black Death
fourteenth
50 million
Nowadays, plague is easily treated with _______ and the use of standard precautions to prevent acquiring infection.
antibiotics
The outbreaks
Plague epidemics have occurred in \——-,———-, and _____
but since the 1990s, most human cases have occurred in ______.
Africa, Asia, and South America
Africa
The outbreaks
Plague
In ________ cases of bubonic plague are reported nearly every year, during the epidemic season (between ______ and _______).
Madagascar
September and April
Symptoms of the black plague
_________ lymph nodes
____________ on the skin
(Low or High?) fever
Vomiting
Painful ________
Swollen
Large dark splotches
High
headaches
The black plague
Bubonic:
Entry: _________
Spread: _______ and _____
Disease: ———-,———,———
Exit: (mildly or highly ?) contagious
bite of infected rat flea
lymphatic and systematic
buboes, pneumonia, internal organ hemorrhage
Highly
The black plague
Pneumonic:
Entry: __________
Disease: ______, usually ____% mortality
Exit: (mildly or highly?) contagious
By Inhalation
pneumonia
100
highly
Plague Arrives in Europe
Mutated version of plague could be spread through the _____
– Much deadlier and could kill within _____
Doctors could not treat the disease
– Tried ______ and _________
– Some people turned to ______ and ______
air
a day
bloodletting and folk medicine
magic and witchcraft
Impact of the Bubonic Plague
Huge Population losses
–__________ Europeans killed
–___________ Chinese killed
25 million
35 Million
Types of Plague
______ Plague
______ Plague
______ Plague
Bubonic
Pneumonic
Septicemic
Types of Plague
Bubonic Plague
Most _______
Infection of the __________
attacks _______ system
common
lymph system
immune
Types of Plague
Pneumonic Plague
Most ________ type of plague
Infection of the _____ leading to pneumonia(______ and ______)
serious
lungs
Primary and Secondary
Types of Plague
Septicemic Plague
Bacteria reproduces in the _____
Can be contracted like _____ plague but is most often seen as a _______________________________
blood
bubonic
complication of untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia originally classified in ___________
family
Based on DNA similarities with _____, Y. pestis is now part of ________ family
Pasteurellaceae
E. coli
Enterobacteriaceae
Yersinia
11 named species in genus 3 are human pathogens
– Y. _________
Y.____________
Y. ___________
pestis
pseudotuberculosis
enterocolitica
Yersinia
__________________ species rarely infect
humans
Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis
__________ specie of yersnia is the cause of 1 – 3% of diarrhea cases caused by bacteria
Y. enterocolitica
Yersinia pestis
Gram positive or negative
motile or non- motile
(Spore or non-spore?) - forming
(bacillus or coccus?)
negative
non- motile
non-spore
bacillus
Yersinia pestis
Resistant to _____ temperature and _____, killed by ——— and _____
freezing; drying
heat and sunlight
Yersinia pestis
Is an obligate aerobe
T/F
F
Can grow with or without oxygen
Yersinia pestis
Most commonly found in ____ but also found in:
– Mice, squirrels, fleas, cats, dogs, lice, prairie dogs, wood rats, chipmunks
rats
Bubonic plague
Most ———- form
– ~____% of cases
Incubation is _____ days
Mortality (untreated):______%
common
80
2 to 6
50-60
Diagnosis and Treatment
– If plague is suspected, ______ is completed to determine how far the plague has progressed and to determine antibiotic resistances.
blood work
Diagnosis and Treatment
Since no major antibiotic resistances have developed, plague is usually treated with ________.
Other antibiotics that can be used are: ________,_________, and Other ________
Streptomycin
tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and other aminoglycosides.
Plague
Antibiotics are administered to the patient as well as to those _______________
who are believed to have been exposed.
Pneumonic plague
• Pneumonic is the (most or least?) common but (most or least?) fatal form of plague.
Primary pneumonic plague occurs when Y. pestis is _______ and bacteria gain direct access to the _____.
Least
Most
inhaled; lungs
Pneumonic plague
• Primary pneumonic plague has a very rapid incubation period of _____ days.
1 to 6
Pneumonic plague
If septicemic plague is left untreated, it may progress to ________ plague. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, septicemia, respiratory distress and hemoptysis.
secondary pneumonic
• Pneumonic plague is the only form of plague that can be _______________, but usually requires ________________
transmitted person-to-person
direct or close contact with the ill person or animal.
Pneumonic plague
• Treatment for this form must be received within ______ after the onset of symptoms, otherwise, survival is unlikely.
24 hours
Pneumonic plague
•___________ and the ___________ make plague a potential bioweapon.
Person-to-person transmission
rapid course of illness
Testing for Yersinia
There is a laboratory validated rapid ____ test now widely used in ________ and __________, with the support of WHO.
dipstick
Africa and South America
Treatment of plague requires prompt antibiotic treatment and supportive therapy.
T/F
Without treatment most forms of plague are not fatal.
T/F
F
Fatal
Treatment of plague
______,______,________, or ______
streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin
Penicillins and cephalosporins are effective in treating plague.
T/F
F
Penicillins and cephalosporins are not effective in treating plague.
Prophylactic antibiotics should be administered to persons who have had close exposure (i.e., within _____ feet [____ meters ]) to persons suspected of having ________ plague.
6.5 feet
2 meters
pneumonic
