Other Parasitic Infections Of The CNS

Question 1

Cerebral paragonimiasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 1

Paragonimus species

Asia, Africa

Imaging, ELISA, HPE of biopsy tissue

Praziquantel, surgical resection, anti-epileptics

Question 2

Cerebral paragonimiasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations

Vomiting, headache, seizures, ______ , ______ vision, _______, _______, cerebral _______ and death

Answer 2

paralysis

blurred vision

hypesthesia

hemiparesis

cerebral hemorrhage and death

Question 3

Human African trypanosomiasis (late stage)

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 3

Trypanosoma Brucei gambiense and rhodesiense

Africa

Lumbar puncture, blood smears, ELISA

Eflornithine, melarsoprol, fexinidazole

Question 4

Human African trypanosomiasis (late stage)

Clinical and pathological manifestations

________ changes
confusion,
_______ disturbances;
poor ________ and death

Answer 4

Behavioural changes

sensory disturbances

poor coordination

Question 5

Cerebral Malaria

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 5

Plasmodium falciparum

Africa

-Microscopy:blood smears, imaging

ACTs, quinine, doxycycline

Question 6

Cerebral Malaria

Clinical and pathological manifestations

chills; ______________ ; convulsions;
altered _______, ataxia, _________ : other neurologic & psychiatric impairments;
_______ ;________ and ______

Answer 6

orthostatic -hypotension

altered consciousness; hemiparesis

seizures;coma and death

Question 7

Neurocysticercosis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 7

Taenia solium (cysticerci)

Worldwide

-Mostly immunological:, imaging

Surgical resection, PZQ + corticosteroid + Albendazole

Question 8

Neurocysticercosis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

Headache, confusion, ______, _______ , increased ____________ , _______ leading to death

Answer 8

epileptic; seizures

cranial pressure

ataxia

Question 9

Cerebral Schistosomiasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 9

Schistosoma spp. (eggs)

SE/Asia, S/America, Africa

Imaging, ELISA,HPE/PCR of biopsy, urine, stool

-PZQ+

Question 10

Cerebral Schistosomiasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

Headache: nausea: __________ deficits; epileptic seizures; _________;

Answer 10

focal neurologic

myelitis

Question 11

Cerebral Sparganosis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 11

Spirometra mansoni (larvae)

Mainly Asia

Imagine ,ELISA

Surgical resection

Question 12

Neurohydatidosis( _________________)

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 12

(Cerebral hydatidosis)

Echinococcus spp.
(larvae)

W/wide

Imaging, ELISA , HPE of biopsy tissue

-Surgical resection ‡ long-term
Albendazole’ + PZQ

Question 13

Cerebral Sparganosis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

Headache; nausea; seizures; ________ ; unconsciousness ( ______ ), _________ inflammation; ———— lesions

Answer 13

hemiparesis

sudden

granulomatous

wandering

Question 14

Neurohydatidosis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

Headache; vomiting; epileptic seizures; ataxia;_________;__________ ; ______ disorders

Answer 14

hemiparesis; hemianopia

Speech

Question 15

Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (CLM)

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 15

-Ancylostoma caninum;
-A. braziliense;
-Uncinaria stenocephala (larvae)

Worldwide

ELISA, -Epiluminescence microscop

Ivermectin, albendazole , thiabendazole(topical), spontaneous resolution

Question 16

Cutaneous
Strongyloidiasis (Larva currens)

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 16

Strongyloides stercoralis ‡ (larvae)

W/wide

HPE of skin biopsy

-Ivermectin
- Albendazole

Question 17

Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (CLM)

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

_______ eruption (linear or _______, slightly _______ , _________ track that moves forward in _________ pattern)’;

intense ________ ; pain; ______ infection

Answer 17

Creeping ; serpiginous ; elevated

erythematous ; irregular pattern)’

pruritus; 2°

Question 18

Cutaneous
Strongyloidiasis (Larva currens)

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

_______ eruption (esp. in the _______, _______, _______, _______, & _______ ; 5
- 15 cm/h); lesions persist for only ______________.; pruritus

Answer 18

perineum, groin, & thighs

Creeping ;the trunk ; buttocks,

perineum, groin

thighs;

a few hrs

Question 19

Cutaneous Schistosomiasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Laboratory diagnosis :
Treatment:

Answer 19

Schistosoma spp.
(eggs; rarely adult worms)

S/America;SE/Asia; Africa

HPE of skin biopsy, urine and stool microscopy

Praziquantel

Question 20

Cutaneous Schistosomiasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

-Pruritic, ______ skin lesions;
- ________ & _______________ in old lesions

Answer 20

papular

Necrosis

granulomatous infiltrates

Question 21

Cutaneous Sparganosis

Causative organism:

Treatment:

Answer 21

Spirometra spp.
(larvae)

Surgical removal of larvae’ † PZQ,
Albendazole

Question 22

Cerebral Amoebiasis (____________________)

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Treatment:

Answer 22

Amebic brain abscess

Entamoeba histolytica (trohoziites)

Worldwide

Neurosurgery+
Metronidazole +
Ceftriaxone
- Cortciosteroid?

Question 23

Parasitic eosinophilic meningitis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Treatment:

Answer 23

Gnathostoma spinigerum/G. hispidum (larvae)

South America

-Albendazole’ ‡
-Ivermectin?

Question 24

Cerebral Strongyloidiasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Treatment:

Answer 24

Strongyloides stercoralis (larvae)

Areas endemic for strongyloidiasis

-Ivermectin’ +
Albendazole?

Question 25

Cerebral Strongyloidiasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

_________ ; altered ________;

______ seizures; brain _______

Answer 25

Meningitis

mental status

focal; abscess

Question 26

Parasitic eosinophilic meningitis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

_____________

Answer 26

Cerebral oedema

Question 27

Cerebral Amoebiasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

Amoebic _________; altered _____________; disorientation; sleepiness; ______ loss;

Answer 27

Amoebic abscess

altered state of consciousness

memory loss;

Question 28

Cutaneous Sparganosis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

______________ nodule(s); itching;

Answer 28

Fixed pruritic

Question 29

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Lab. Diagnosis
Treatment:

Answer 29

Leishmania major”/ tropica/donovani (amastigote)

S/America; Asia; Africa including N° Nigeria;

-PCR/molecular testing
-Microscopy/culture: HPE of lesion/skin biopsy

-Miltefosine
-Liposomal AmB

Question 30

Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Treatment:

Answer 30

Gnathostoma spinigerum/G.hispidum( larvae)

Western blot , ELISA, Dermoscopy; HPE of skin biopsy after therapy

-Albendazole’ ‡
-Ivermectin?

Question 31

Sub-/Cutaneous Cysticercosis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Treatment:

Answer 31

Taenia solium (cysticerci)

India; S/America; Africa

-Surgical excision of larvae’+
-PZQ or
-Albendazole

Question 32

Cutaneous Fascioliasis

Causative organism:
Distribution:
Treatment:

Answer 32

Fasciola spp. (sub-Yadults)

Vietnam; India

-Surgical excision of larvae’t
-Triclabendazole
-Bithionol

Question 33

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

(Painless or painful?) & (acute or chronic?) skin lesion(s)

(Small or large ?) regional adenopathy;

Answer 33

Painless/painful & chronic

large

Question 34

Sub-/Cutaneous Cysticercosis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

(Painless or painful?) ___________ nodules

Answer 34

Painless/painful subcutaneous nodules;

Question 35

Cutaneous Fascioliasis

Clinical and pathological manifestations:

_________ eruption

(Painless or Painful?) ,
subcutaneous nodules; fever

Answer 35

Creeping eruption

painful