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House Microbiology > Gastritis: Helicobacter pylori; Campylobacteriosis > Flashcards

Gastritis: Helicobacter pylori; Campylobacteriosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Gastritis refers to inflammation of the ___________

A

gastric mucosa.

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2
Q

Gastritis

It is associated with nausea and upper abdominal pain; vomiting, and fever may also be present.

T/F

A

T

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3
Q

Helicobacter pylori is seen on the surface of ________________ cells of patients with gastritis.

The organism is recovered from __________ material obtained _______ but not from _______.

A

gastric epithelial

gastric biopsy

endoscopically; stool

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4
Q

Helicobacter pylori

H. pylori has been primarily linked to _______ infections

Helicobacter pylori’s primary habitat is the ______________

A

gastric; human gastric mucosa.

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5
Q

Helicobacter pylori

Once acquired, H. pylori colonizes the _____ for a (short or long?) time and can cause a (low or high?) -grade inflammatory process, producing a (acute or chronic?) (superficial or deep?) gastritis.

A

stomach

Long

Low

chronic superficial gastritis.

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6
Q

Helicobacter pylori

An _____,__________, and a common environmental source are possible routes of transmission

A

oral-oral

fecal-oral

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7
Q

Helicobacter pylori

mother-to-child transmission can occur.

T/F

A

T

Research studies suggest mother-to-child transmission can occur.

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8
Q

H. pylori colonizes the mucous layer of the ______ and ______ of the stomach but not the ________.

A

antrum and fundus

epithelium

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9
Q

H. pylori

The organism produces _______ that hydrolyzes _________________ significantly ___easing the pH around the site of infection.

The change in pH protects the organism from the _____ environment produced by gastric secretions.

A

urease

urea-forming ammonia (NH3)

incr; acidic

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10
Q

H. pylori

It also produces a protein called _______ and injects the protein into the ____________ cells.

A

CagA

gastric epithelial

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of H.pylori

The CagA then affects host ___________ inducing _______ and altering ________, and interactions with neighboring cells enabling H. pylori to successfully invade the gastric epithelium.

Other possible virulence factors include:
- ________ (for colonization of mucosal surfaces, mediators of inflammation)
-________ (capable of causing damage to host cells)

A

cell gene expression

cytokine release

cell structure

adhesins; cytotoxin

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12
Q

Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with _________________________ ulcers as well as with ___________ carcinoma.

A

gastric, peptic, and duodenal

gastrointestinal

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13
Q

Helicobacter pylori

The higher incidence is attributed to ___________ conditions,

Although it is not conclusively proven, _________ is said to be the likely source of many infections

A

poor sanitary

fresh groundwater

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14
Q

Helicobacter pylori

long-term H. pylori infection resulting in (acute or chronic?) gastritis is an important risk factor for ______________ resulting in H. pylori being classified as a _________.

A

Chronic

gastric carcinoma

carcinogen

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15
Q

Helicobacter pylori

Other species of helicobacters, (like H. ________ and H. _________) have been associated with _____________, generally in immunocompromised patients.

A

cinaedi

fennelliae

human gastroenteritis

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16
Q

Campylobacter spp.

Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like

species are:

  • (fermentative or non-fermentative)
  • oxidase (positive or negative?)
A

fermentative

oxidase positive

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17
Q

Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like

species are:

  • grown in a __________ environment.
A

microaerophilic

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18
Q

Microaerophilic organisms require _______, but at a concentration ____________

_____% is normally optimal.

A

oxygen

less than that of room air

5

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19
Q

Campylobacter Pylori

Primarily ________ organisms.

Cause ________ in domestic animals, such as cattle,
sheep, and swine

A

zoonotic

abortion

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20
Q

Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide is ________________

A

Campylobacter jejuni.

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21
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Transmission of campylobacterioses has been attributed to _______ with animals and handling infected pets, such as dogs, cats, and birds, and

A

direct contact

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22
Q

Campylobacter Jejunj

Indirect transmission by the consumption of _________ and __________ and improperly ———- ________.

Person to person transmission can occur

A

contaminated water and dairy products a

cooked poultry

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23
Q

Some Campylobacter spp. are also sexually transmitted.

T/F

A

T

24
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

__________ in most common causes of foodborne gastrointestinal illness, behind _______________________________

A

Fourth

norvovirus, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens.

25
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Mostly affect ________ and ________, although all age groups are at risk.

A

infants and young adults

26
Q

In addition to C. jejuni, other Campylobacter spp. that cause gastrointestinal disease (enteric campylobacters) are C. ______ and C. _____.

A

coli

Lari

27
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Several Campylobacter spp. have been implicated in human infection—

C. _____, C. ______, C. _____, C. _____, C. _____, C. _____, and C. _____.

A

C. fetus, C. jejuni, C. coli, C. sputorum, C. concisus, C. curvus, and C. rectus.

28
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Patients infected with C. jejuni present with a ________ disease that begins with __________ within ____ to ______ after ingestion of the organisms.

_________ and _________ often follow the initial signs.

A

diarrheal

mild abdominal pain

2 to 10 days

Cramps and bloody diarrhea

29
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

May experience fever and chills and, rarely, nausea and vomiting.

In most patients, the illness is ________ and usually resolves in ____________

Untreated patients can remain carriers for ______________.

A

self-limited

2 to 6 days.

several months

30
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Other enteric Campylobacter infections (those caused by C.____ and C.____) have similar clinical manifestations.

A

coli

lari

31
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter infection plays a role in GBS (________________)

A

Guillain barre syndrome

32
Q

GBS is ____________ disorder characterized by (acute or chronic?) paralysis caused by damage to the ____________

A

an autoimmune

Acute

peripheral nervous system.

33
Q

Many patients with GBS test positive for antibodies to ________

A

Campylobacter

34
Q

Campylobacter Jejuni

Antibodies produced during a Campylobacter infection bind to __________ found on __________.

___________ with these nerve cells in an autoimmune response may be responsible for this debilitating nerve disorder.

A

gangliosides

peripheral nerves

Cross-reactivity

35
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis: Specimen of campylobacter

Collection and Transport
_____ culture media
______ samples
______ swabs (the less preferred specimen)
____________ materials.
Samples must be transported quickly to the laboratory

A

Blood

stool

rectal

gastric biopsy

36
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport of campylobacter

If a delay in processing the stool specimen is anticipated, it can be placed in a transport medium (to maintain the viability of the organisms) such as:
- ________
-_______ medium

  • Tissue samples may also be placed in _________ broth with ____%______ and frozen at _____° C.
A

Cary-Blair

Stuart

Cysteine-Brucella

20; glycerol

−70

37
Q

Culture Media: Campylobacter jejuni

Campy-______(_________):

•an enriched selective agar

•Contains ______ base, 10% ______ red blood cells, and a combination of ______ (vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B, amphotericin B, and cephalothin)

A

BAP; blood agar plate

Brucella agar; sheep

antimicrobials

38
Q

Culture Media: Campylobacter jejuni
_______
__________ medium
_________ medium

Medium ___

A

Campy-BAP

Butzler

Skirrow’s

V

39
Q

Culture Media: Campylobacter jejuni

Medium V (modified ______)
- (contains cefoperazone, rifampin, colistin, and amphotericin B) medium can be incubated at _____° C.

A

Butzler medium

37

40
Q

Enteric Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp. require a _______ and ________ environment.

A

microaerophilic and capnophilic

41
Q

Enteric Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp.

Laboratory diagnosis
The ideal atmospheric environment for these organisms is a gas mixture of

  • ____% O2, ___% CO2, and ____% N2 for
    Campylobacter spp.
  • ____% to ____% O2 and __% to ____% CO2 for Helicobacter spp.
A

5% O2, 10% CO2, and 85% N2 for
Campylobacter spp.

  • 5% to 10% O2 and 5% to 12% CO2 for Helicobacter spp.
42
Q

Campylobacter spp. are

(straight or curved ?)

(spore or non–spore?)- forming

gram- _______ rods that measure approximately 0.2 to 0.9 μm × 0.5 to 5.0 μm

A

Curved

non–spore

negative

43
Q

Campylobacters may appear as _______, or ______ or ____________- wing shapes.

They may appear as ______ in smears prepared from older cultures.

A

long spirals or ‘S’ or seagull

coccobacilli

44
Q

Campylobacter : Laboratory diagnosis

They exhibit a characteristic “_______” motility on ________ preparations or when visualized under _________ microscopy.

A

darting

hanging drop

phase contrast

45
Q

H. pylori appears similar to campylobacters, but Helicobacter has ________ flagella at one pole, unlike the _____________ of campylobacters.

A

multiple

single polar flagellum

46
Q

Presumptive Identification: Colony
Morphology.

The typical colony morphology of C. jejuni and other enteric campylobacters are (dry or moist?) , usually (haemolytic or nonhemolytic?)

Some are (round or flat ?) and raised and others may be ______.

A

moist

nonhemolytic

Round and raised

Flat

47
Q

Laboratory mechanism

Isolates from stool specimens and rectal swabs can be presumptively identified as Campylobacter spp. by:

a __________-oxidase

the characteristic Gram-stained microscopic morphology

the characteristic motility.

A

positive

48
Q

Helicobacter infections usually are identified by culture methods.

T/F

A

F

nonculture

49
Q

H. pylori can be presumptively identified in a gastric biopsy specimen by testing for the presence of a ___________

A

rapid urease reaction

50
Q

H. pylori can be presumptively identified in a gastric biopsy specimen by testing for the presence of a rapid urease reaction

The collected tissue sample is placed onto _________ medium and incubated at ____° C for ____

A _________ suggests the presence of H. pylori.

A

Christensen’s urea

37

2hours

color change

51
Q

Helicobacter pylori

Other tests include:

___________ tests

Urease activity can also be detected by the _______

Fecal ______ detection

Microscopic examination of stained gastric tissue

DNA amplification tests (e.g., polymerase chain reaction assay).

A

Rapid urea/urease

urea breath test

antigen

52
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: Immunologic Assays

___________ tests are available for the rapid identification of colonies of enteric campylobacters on primary isolation media.

___________ tests in fecal samples.

Specific antibodies in serum can be detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay or indirect immunofluorescent assay methods.

A

Latex agglutination

Campylobacter antigen

53
Q

Treatment: H. pylori

Triple-drug therapy: _________,_______

An alternative regimen for patients with _________ resistant strains includes: ________ and _______ and _______ or ______

A

metronidazole, a bismuth salt, and either amoxicillin or tetracycline.

metronidazole

omeprazole or lansoprazole

amoxicillin or clarithromycin.

54
Q

Treatment: H. pylori

Treatment for H. pylori infections should be administered for _______ to _______ to eradicate the infection.

Relapses occur (often or rarely?)

A

7 to 14 days

Often

55
Q

Treatment: Campylobacter spp.

C. jejuni and C. coli are susceptible to many antimicrobial agents, including macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.

__________ is the drug of choice for patients with severe gastroenteritis

_________ is an alternative therapeutic option.

A

Erythromycin

Ciprofloxacin

56
Q

Treatment: Campylobacter spp.

C. jejuni and C. coli are susceptible to many antimicrobial agents, including ———-,————-,————- and _________

A

macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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