Immunoprophylaxis & Immunotherapy Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Vaccines

Vaccines induce protection against infections by stimulating the development of ______, (short or long?) -lived effector cells, and ____ cells.

Antibodies

Long; memory

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What characteristics would an ideal vaccine possess?

__________
______
_________ immunity with ____ administration

______/____side effects in all populations

prevents _____ state

does not complicate diagnostic tests

Stable
Cheap

Effective - lifelong; one

safe/no; carrier

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Types of vaccines

Whole organism vaccines
_________
____________
_________

Purified macromolecules
_________
____________
_______
___________
______________

Killed or inactivated
Live attenuated
live heterologous species

Toxoid
Polysaccharides
Subvirion
Recombinant
Naked DNA

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Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
Strategy: pathogen causing a disease is isolated, grown in pure culture, killed or inactivated by physical or chemical means, then injected to induce an immune response against that pathogen.
Examples:
Pertussis (old whole cell vaccine)
Rabies
Hepatitis A
i.m. poliovirus (a.k.a IPV)
influenza
plague
cholera
paratyphoid fever
i

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Killed/Inactivated vaccines

Strategy: pathogen causing a disease is _________, __________, _______ or _______ by physical or chemical means, then _______ to induce an immune response against that pathogen.

isolated, grown in pure culture, killed or inactivated

injected

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Pertussis (old whole cell vaccine)

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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Rabies

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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Hepatitis A

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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i.m. poliovirus (a.k.a IPV)

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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influenza

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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Plague

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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cholera

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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paratyphoid fever

Type of vaccine ?

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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Why Can’t we use Killed/Inactivated Vaccines Against all Pathogens?

Dead pathogens are not processed by the immune system like the living pathogen
Immune responses that develop may not be protective – dead pathogens usually elicit different types of responses than live ones…

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Characteristics of Killed Whole Organism Vaccine

DISADVANTAGES:
Killed vaccines are _______

induce only ______ immune responses

do not account for _________

weakly immunogenic

humoral

variety of mutations microbes undergo

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Characteristics of Killed Whole Organism Vaccine

ADVANTAGES:
Killed vaccines are _______

———— responses may be sufficient
Safe to administer to __________ and _______

stable

Antibody
immune compromised and pregnant women

Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines

Strategy: Pathogen is identified and ______________ that causes them to _________ (disease-producing ability) but retain the ability to _____________

grown in culture in a way

lose their virulence

undergo limited replication within the host.

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)

Type of vaccine?

live attenuated vaccines

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)

Type Of vaccine ?

live attenuated vaccines

Varicella zoster virus (VZV, chickenpox)

Type of vaccine

live attenuated vaccines

Rotavirus vaccine

Type of vaccine

live attenuated vaccines

BCG vaccine (for tuberculosis)

Type of vaccine ?

live attenuated vaccines

Yellow fever

Type of vaccine

live attenuated vaccines

Characteristics of Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines

ADVANTAGES:

processed by the immune system like the actual infection (_______ and _______ pathways)

elicit _____________ responses similar to ___________________

MHC-II and MHC-I were

sustained_ immune

That of the actual infection

Characteristics of Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines DISADVANTAGES: not very ______ – may require “_________” may revert from ______________ – particularly in the __________________

stable; cold chain a virulent form to virulence immune compromised

Characteristic: live attenuated. Inactivated Boosters stability reversion to virulent form immunity administered to compromised person

few or not needed; multiple Less stable; more stable Possible; no endogenously and exogenously processed Ab & CMI; Exogenously processed , mostly Ab Generally, no; YES

Encouraging immune response ________ therapy – _______ cells – l

Cancer Tumor

Encouraging immune response Cancer therapy – _________(_____) × ________ Tumor cells – lower expression of ______, production of ____,______,_____ , frequent mutations

nonspecific (IL-2, IFNa) specific MHC I, IL-10, TGFβ, VEGF

Suppressing immune response __________ drugs – e.g. Cyclosporin, tacrolimus, corticosteroids, etc. ________ _________ cells __________ T cells

immunosuppresive Antibodies Dendritic Regulatory

Immunotherapy _________ immune response _________ immune response

Suppress Encourage

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases - still a major health problem Negative attitudes concerning _____ and ______ of vaccines Fear of _____ Physician attitudes uncertainty about ________ concern about ______ inadequate _____________ uncertainty about safety and efficacy

safety and efficacy side effects recommendations liability reimbursement

Contraindications Contraindications - depending on the vaccine: ___________ infection/disease or febrile severe _______ _——————-_ illnesses recent immune globulin administration

immunocompromised asthma, allergies pregnancy

Vaccination Considerations Population considerations Global elimination - _____,_____,____ Control in a population - _________

smallpox, polio, measles (??) Haemophilus influenzae

Population considerations Target groups Age - infants and children, adults, elderly Immunocompromised individuals Occupational or lifestyle risks - military, veterinarians, lab workers, daycare providers, IVDU, travelers, etc. Special at-risk populations - prison inmates, travelers

Yeahhhhhh right?

New Generation of Vaccines Recombinant DNA technology is being used to produce a new generation of vaccines Virulence genes are _____ and organism is ________________ Live nonpathogenic strains can carry ____________ from pathogenic strains If the agent cannot be maintained in culture, ________________ can be cloned and expressed in an alternative host e.g. E. coli.

deleted; still able to stimulate an immune response antigenic determinants genes of proteins for antigenic determinants