Immunoprophylaxis & Immunotherapy Flashcards
Vaccines
Vaccines induce protection against infections by stimulating the development of ______, (short or long?) -lived effector cells, and ____ cells.
Antibodies
Long; memory
What characteristics would an ideal vaccine possess?
__________
______
_________ immunity with ____ administration
______/____side effects in all populations
prevents _____ state
does not complicate diagnostic tests
Stable
Cheap
Effective - lifelong; one
safe/no; carrier
Types of vaccines
Whole organism vaccines
_________
____________
_________
Purified macromolecules
_________
____________
_______
___________
______________
Killed or inactivated
Live attenuated
live heterologous species
Toxoid
Polysaccharides
Subvirion
Recombinant
Naked DNA
Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
Strategy: pathogen causing a disease is isolated, grown in pure culture, killed or inactivated by physical or chemical means, then injected to induce an immune response against that pathogen.
Examples:
Pertussis (old whole cell vaccine)
Rabies
Hepatitis A
i.m. poliovirus (a.k.a IPV)
influenza
plague
cholera
paratyphoid fever
i
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
Strategy: pathogen causing a disease is _________, __________, _______ or _______ by physical or chemical means, then _______ to induce an immune response against that pathogen.
isolated, grown in pure culture, killed or inactivated
injected
Pertussis (old whole cell vaccine)
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
Rabies
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
Hepatitis A
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
i.m. poliovirus (a.k.a IPV)
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
influenza
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
Plague
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
cholera
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
paratyphoid fever
Type of vaccine ?
Killed/Inactivated vaccines
Why Can’t we use Killed/Inactivated Vaccines Against all Pathogens?
Dead pathogens are not processed by the immune system like the living pathogen
Immune responses that develop may not be protective – dead pathogens usually elicit different types of responses than live ones…
Characteristics of Killed Whole Organism Vaccine
DISADVANTAGES:
Killed vaccines are _______
induce only ______ immune responses
do not account for _________
weakly immunogenic
humoral
variety of mutations microbes undergo
Characteristics of Killed Whole Organism Vaccine
ADVANTAGES:
Killed vaccines are _______
———— responses may be sufficient
Safe to administer to __________ and _______
stable
Antibody
immune compromised and pregnant women
Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines
Strategy: Pathogen is identified and ______________ that causes them to _________ (disease-producing ability) but retain the ability to _____________
grown in culture in a way
lose their virulence
undergo limited replication within the host.
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
Type of vaccine?
live attenuated vaccines
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
Type Of vaccine ?
live attenuated vaccines
Varicella zoster virus (VZV, chickenpox)
Type of vaccine
live attenuated vaccines
Rotavirus vaccine
Type of vaccine
live attenuated vaccines
BCG vaccine (for tuberculosis)
Type of vaccine ?
live attenuated vaccines
Yellow fever
Type of vaccine
live attenuated vaccines
Characteristics of Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines
ADVANTAGES:
processed by the immune system like the actual infection (_______ and _______ pathways)
elicit _____________ responses similar to ___________________
MHC-II and MHC-I were
sustained_ immune
That of the actual infection
Characteristics of Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines
DISADVANTAGES:
not very ______ – may require “_________”
may revert from ______________ – particularly in the __________________
stable; cold chain
a virulent form to virulence
immune compromised
Characteristic: live attenuated. Inactivated
Boosters
stability
reversion to virulent form
immunity
administered to compromised person
few or not needed; multiple
Less stable; more stable
Possible; no
endogenously and exogenously processed Ab & CMI; Exogenously processed , mostly Ab
Generally, no; YES
Encouraging immune response
________ therapy –
_______ cells – l
Cancer
Tumor
Encouraging immune response
Cancer therapy – _________(_____) × ________
Tumor cells – lower expression of ______, production of ____,______,_____ , frequent mutations
nonspecific (IL-2, IFNa)
specific
MHC I,
IL-10, TGFβ, VEGF
Suppressing immune response
__________ drugs – e.g. Cyclosporin, tacrolimus, corticosteroids, etc.
________
_________ cells
__________ T cells
immunosuppresive
Antibodies
Dendritic
Regulatory
Immunotherapy
_________ immune response
_________ immune response
Suppress
Encourage
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases - still a major health problem
Negative attitudes concerning _____ and ______ of vaccines
Fear of _____
Physician attitudes
uncertainty about ________
concern about ______
inadequate _____________
uncertainty about safety and efficacy
safety and efficacy
side effects
recommendations
liability
reimbursement
Contraindications
Contraindications - depending on the vaccine:
___________
infection/disease or febrile
severe _______
——————-
illnesses
recent immune globulin administration
immunocompromised
asthma, allergies
pregnancy
Vaccination Considerations
Population considerations
Global elimination - _____,_____,____
Control in a population - _________
smallpox, polio, measles (??)
Haemophilus influenzae
Population considerations
Target groups
Age - infants and children, adults, elderly
Immunocompromised individuals
Occupational or lifestyle risks - military, veterinarians, lab workers, daycare providers, IVDU, travelers, etc.
Special at-risk populations - prison inmates, travelers
Yeahhhhhh right?
New Generation of Vaccines
Recombinant DNA technology is being used to produce a new generation of vaccines
Virulence genes are _____ and organism is ________________
Live nonpathogenic strains can carry ____________ from pathogenic strains
If the agent cannot be maintained in culture, ________________ can be cloned and expressed in an alternative host e.g. E. coli.
deleted; still able to stimulate an immune response
antigenic determinants
genes of proteins for antigenic determinants
