Orthomyxo,paramyxovirus, rubella Flashcards
PICORNAVIRUS
Virion:________ symmetry
Genome :______ sense, _____-stranded (DNA or RNA?) , (linear or circular?) ,
Proteins: ___-___
Envelope: (enveloped or Non-enveloped ?)
Replication: in the _____
lcosahedral
Positive
Single; RNA; linear
VP1 – VP4
Non-enveloped; Cytoplasm
Polio virus
Polio (poliomyelitis) mainly affects children under __ years of age.
5
As long as a single child remains infected, children in all countries are at risk of contracting polio.
T/F
T
Transmission of polio virus
Transmission is ______
Incubation period:____ weeks (range ____ days)
faeco-oral
1 – 2
3 – 35
Polio virus
Capsid shell of ___ subunits
60
Polio virus
(Small or Large?) family of viruses which consist of Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses.
One of the (smallest or largest?) group of viruses
Large
Smallest
Pathogenesis of polio virus
Primary multiplication takes place in the _______ or _______
The virus first multiplies in the ____, the lymph nodes of the ____, ________ , and the _________
The CNS may then be invaded by way of the _________. Spread along axons of ________ to the CNS
Some cells that lose their function may recover completely
oropharynx or intestine.
tonsils; neck
Peyer patches; small intestine.
circulating blood; peripheral nerves
Polio virus
Virus shedding in stool for _____weeks
6 – 8
SYMPTOMS of polio virus
Mild disease
•Non paralytic polio can cause ___________
•Paralytic polio leads to ______ paralysis resulting from ______ motor neuron damage.
•Progressive post poliomyelitis muscle atrophy as a result of A ______ of _____ and _______ decades after their ________
aseptic meningitis
Acute flaccid ; lower
recrudescence; paralysis and muscle wasting
experience with paralytic poliomyelitis
DIAGNOSIS of polio virus
Specimen- ______,______,____
PCR
Virus culture
Serology
_________________ surveillance
stool, throat swab, CSF
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)
MANAGEMENT of polio virus
Treatment: ___________
Supportive care: ______ supplementation, ICU-________, ________ therapy, ______therapy
No specific treatment
Oxygen
ventilation
Occupational; physio
PREVENTION of polio virus
————-,———-
AFP Surveillance, vaccines
Oral polio vaccine
OPV also produces a _______,_________ response in the mucous membrane of the ______.
In the event of infection, these mucosal antibodies _________ inside the intestine.
local, mucosal immune
intestines; limit the replication of the wild poliovirus
Advantages of OPV
• OPV is administered _______, hence It can be given by _____ and does not require _______ or ————
•The vaccine is relatively _______.
OPV is (safe or dangerous?) , _____, and induces (short or long?) -lasting immunity to _______ types of poliovirus.
orally; volunteers
trained health workers or sterile injection equipment.
inexpensive
safe; effective ; long; all three
Disadvantages of OPV
• in extremely rare cases (approx. 1 in every 2.7 million first doses of the vaccine) the _____________ in OPV can ___________
In some cases it is believed that this ________________ (VAPP) may be triggered by ______________
live attenuated vaccine virus
cause paralysis.
vaccine-associated paralytic polio
immune deficiency.
Inactivated polio vaccine
The inactivated polio vaccine produces antibodies in the blood to ____ types of poliovirus
all three
Advantages of IPV
• As IPV is not a ‘live’ vaccine, it carries ____ risk of vaccine- associated polio paralysis.
•IPV triggers _______________ response in most people.
no
an excellent protective immune
Disadvantages of IPV
• IPV induces _____ levels of immunity in the intestine. As a result, when a person immunized with IPV is infected with ____________, the virus can _________ and be _________, risking continued circulation.
•IPV is _______ times more expensive than oral polio vaccine.
Administering the vaccine requires ___________ and _________ and procedures
very low; wild poliovirus; still multiply inside the intestines ; shed in the faeces
over five
trained health workers and sterile injection equipment
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) by _______ in 19__
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) by _____ in 19___
Albert Sabin; 61
Jonas Salk; 55
ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
Virion:_____ symmetry , 80 – 120nm
Genome : _____ Stranded RNA,
________ sense
Envelope: ________, containing _________ and ______
Replication: in the _______
Helical; Single
positive; Enveloped
Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
Nucleus
Influenza virus
Influenza A virus consist of ____ and _______ strains
human and animal
The _______ and ______ proteins, are used to divide influenza viruses into types ___,___ , and ____
nucleocapsid (NP) and matrix (M)
A, B, and C.
___________ in HA and NA, are used to subtype the influenza viruses. .
Antigenic variations
15 subtypes of HA (H1–H15) and 9 subtypes of NA (N1–N9), in different combinations.
But
___ HA (_______) and ___ NA (_____) subtypes have been recovered from humans.
Four; H1–H3, H5
two; N1, N2
Influenza A(_____) and A(______) subtypes are currently circulating among humans
H1N1
H3N2
Influenza virus
•Antigenic drift
Accumulation of _______ in the gene, resulting in _______ changes in the protein.
Sequence changes can alter ________ on the molecule such that a virion can ___________
point mutations ; amino acid
antigenic sites
escape recognition by the host’s immune system
Influenza virus
•Antigenic shift
______ changes in the sequence of a viral surface protein, changes that are ______ to be explained by _____.
The ______ genomes of influenza viruses reassort readily in ________ cells.
Drastic
too extreme ; mutation
segmented; doubly infected
Influenza virus
The mechanism for antigenic shift is ________ between ______ and ____ influenza viruses.
Can result in a _______
genetic reassortment
human and avian
pandemic
Influenza B and C viruses also exhibit antigenic shift
T/F
F
They do not exhibit antigenic shift
Influenza
Is a/an (acute or chronic?) viral infection that spreads easily from person to person.
Acute
Annual epidemics of influenza peak during _____ in _____ regions.
winter; temperate
Influenza virus spreads from person to person by _______ or by contact with ___________________
airborne droplets
contaminated hands or surfaces
Clinical features of influenza
___________ tract infection
•chills, headache, and dry cough followed closely by high fever, generalized _______,________, and _____
Pneumonia
•May be complicated by secondary bacterial infection
______,______
Upper respiratory
muscular aches, malaise, and anorexia.
S. aureus, H. influenzae
Laboratory diagnosis of influenza
PCR
Virus culture
Antigen detection using immunoflourescence assay, ELISA, Rapid test kit
Serology to detect __________ in antibody titre using paired sera
4 fold rise
Treatment of influenza May reduce _______ and _______
But, Ideally they need to be administered early (within ______ of onset of symptoms)
severe complications and deaths.
48 hours
Influenza treatment
•__________: oselta____ and zana____ pera_____ and lanina____
•_________: aman______ and riman___
Neuraminidase inhibitor
mivir; mivir; mivir; mivir
Adamantanes
tadine; tadine
Prevention and control of influenza
________ viral vaccines
Vaccination is for people who live with or care for high risk individuals Such as :
______ at any stage of it
children aged _____ to _____
elderly individuals (≥___ years of age)
individuals with ____ conditions
______ workers.
Inactivated
pregnant women
6 months to 5 years
65; chronic medical
health-care
Vaccine composition for influenza _______ally that targets the ______ most representative virus types in circulation,
_____ subtypes of influenza __ viruses and __ — virus.
biannu
3 (trivalent)
two; A
One; B
Paramyxovirus
______ shape , ______, 150 nm or more in diameter (_____nucleocapsid, 13 or 18 nm)
____-stranded RNA,(linear or circular?)
Segmented or non segmented?) , ________ sense, about 15 kb
Spherical; pleomorphic
helical
Single; linear
nonsegmented; negative
Paramyxovirus
Contains viral glycoprotein (___,—-, or ___)
which sometimes carries ____________ activity) and ______ glycoprotein
G, H, or HN
hemagglutinin or neuraminidase
Fusion (F)
Paramyxovirus
Replication: _____; particles bud from _____
Cytoplasm
plasma membrane
Influenza virus
_____ structural proteins,_____ nonstructural
Nine
one
Influenza virus
Influenza __ virus consist of human and animal strains
A
Influenza A virus consist of ____________ strains
human and animal
Influenza virus
Only type __ has designated subtypes.
A
Influenza Viruses circulate worldwide and can affect any age group.
T/F
T
Paramyxovirus
•Contains viral glycoprotein (_____,____, or ____ ) which sometimes carries _______ or _________ activity
•____ (F) glycoprotein
•_____ structural proteins
G, H, or HN
hemagglutinin or neuraminidase
Fusion
6- 8
Classification of paramyxovirus
•____virus
•____virus
•____virus
Respiro
Rubula
Morbili
Classification of paramyxovirus
•Respirovirus
___________
______________
Human Parainfluenza virus 1
Human Parainfluenza virus 3
Classification of paramyxovirus
•Rubulavirus
____________
______________
_________________
Human Parainfluenza virus 2
Human Parainfluenza virus 4
Mumps virus
Classification of paramyxovirus
•Morbilivirus
_______virus
Measles
Pneumoviridae
Genus ___________
Genus ________
orthopneumovirus
metapneumovirus
Pneumoviridae
Genus orthopneumovirus
–__________ virus/_________virus
Genus metapneumovirus
– _________________ virus
Human respiratory syncytial; human orthopneumo
Human metapneumo
Rubella virus
____viridae
Genus –______
Toga
rubivirus
Rubella virus
Has ___ invetebrate host
No
Rubella virus
Enveloped or naked
___________ shape
Spherical 20 -70nm
_____ stranded
________ sense
RNA or DNA
Enveloped
Icosahedral
Single
positive
RNA
RUBELLA VIRUS
Formerly classified with the
——viruses, but now belong to a different class called ______viruses.
Toga; Matona
RUBELLA VIRUS
TRANSMISSION:
Rubella virus is spread by the ______ route among humans
respiratory
Rubella virus PATHOGENESIS
Initial cytolytic infection is established in the _________, then _________, then other tissues
Shedding of virions into respiratory droplets occurs during the ________ period and for as long as ______ after onset of the rash.
upper respiratory tract
local lymph nodes
2-week prodromal ; 2 weeks
Rubella virus
Transplacental infection in ________ women , leading to viral replication in fetal tissues and possible ______ effects
nonimmune pregnant; teratogenic
Rubella virus
Antiviral antibody appears after _______ and helps limit virion spread
viremia
DISEASE OF RUBELLA
Rubella (_________)
_________ rubella
German measles
Congenital
DISEASE OF RUBELLA
Rubella (German measles)
In children, disease is (benign or malignant?) , consisting of _______ and a ____________ rash that lasts _______, starting on the ____ and spreading ____ward over the ______ and ______
Benign ; swollen glands
pink maculopapular; 3 days
face; down
trunk and extremities.
DISEASE OF RUBELLA
Rubella (German measles)
In adults, disease is (more or less?) severe, with ______,_______, _______ (rare), and possible postinfectious ______ due to the immune response
More
arthralgia, arthritis
thrombocytopenia
encephalitis
DISEASE OF RUBELLA
Congenital rubella
Transplacental infection of fetus until the ___ week of gestation can lead to _____,_______, and ___________ .
Maternal _____________ resulting from earlier infection or vaccination prevent viral spread to the placenta and fetus
20th; cataracts, mental retardation, and deafness
antirubella antibodies
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
Routine immunization is done with ____________ as part of the_____ vaccine.
live attenuated virus
MMR
MMR vaccine is ???
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
