Aetiology Of Tumor Flashcards
some viruses can lead to cancer
T/F
T
if you’re infected with a virus that’s linked to cancer, you’ll get the disease for sure.
T/F
F
it doesn’t mean you’ll get the disease for sure.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
HBV and HCV can cause a ____ infection that can sometimes lead to ______.
You pick up these viruses if you share ________, have ______, or get a _____ with contaminated blood.
liver; liver cancer
needles used to inject drugs
unprotected sex; transfusion
Doctors treat HBV and HCV infections with medicine.
T/F
T
You can often get rid of HCV after a few months of treatment.
T/F
T
Medication cures HBV
T/F
F
doesn’t
In HBV, Medication can lower the chance of liver damage and liver cancer.
T/F
T
Between HBV and HCV, which has a vaccine, Which has a cure
There’s a vaccine to prevent HBV, but not HCV.
There’s a cure for hcv and not hbv
Those with higher chances of getting HBV should get _____.
That includes people who have ____, inject _______, or are ________ workers.
vaccinated
HIV; illicit drugs
health care
____________________________ (KSHV)
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)
KSHV is a herpes virus that can cause Kaposi sarcoma, a cancer of the _______, as well as two types of ______.
You’re more likely to get cancer from KSHV if you have a _____________
blood vessels
lymphoma
weakened immune system
KSHV
The virus can be spread during sex, so you can avoid catching it if you _______ and limit how many sexual partners you have. It may also be spread through ______ and _______
use condoms
blood and saliva.
___________________ virus (MCV)
Merkel Cell Polyoma
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV)
MCV is a common virus that infects the _______.
the skin
MCV usually cause symptoms or lead to cancer.
F
It doesn’t
in some people, MCV causes a rare ____ cancer called _____________.
skin
Merkel cell carcinoma
To help prevent Merkel cell carcinoma and other skin cancers, one important thing to do is use ______ with ________________ when you go outside.
sunscreen
an SPF of at least 30
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV is a group of more than _____ viruses, and at least ____ of them can cause cancer.
HPV can spreadduring _______ or _______ intercourse and _____ sex.
200; a dozen
vaginal or anal ; oral
HPV often goes away on its own and doesn’t cause any health problems.
T/F
T
Some people stay infected, though. If they have the HPV that causes cancer, it can lead to cancers of the __________________________________________.
cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, tonsils, or tongue
HPV vaccines can keep you from getting infected with the virus. Health officials recommend them for everyone from ages ___-___ if they have not been vaccinated previously.
There is a vaccine approved by the FDA for age ___-___ but you should discuss with your doctor if this vaccine is appropriate for you
9 to 26
27-45
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1, or HIV)
HIV spreads through _______ and _____.
unprotected sex and infected needles
An unborn baby can also catch HIV during pregnancy
T/F
T
a mother with HIV can’t spread it to a baby if they breastfeed.
T/F
F
She can
People with HIV have a weakened immune system and have a greater chance of getting cancers such as:
_______
________
______ cancer
Kaposi sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Cervical
You can also use HIV prevention medicines such as ___________ and ________
pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
Is there a cure for HIV
Is there a treatment for HIV
No
Yes
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)
HTLV-1 infects ___ cells, which are a type of white blood cell. It can cause _____ and ________
T; leukemia and lymphoma.
HTLV-1 spreads several ways, including:
From mother to child during _______________________
Sharing _________________
________
Sex without _______
birth or through breastfeeding
needles with infected people
Organ transplant
condoms
About __% to __% of people who have the virus(HTLV-1) get adult _______ or other health conditions.
2 ; 5
T-cell leukemia
In HTLV-1 infection , It’s clear why some people get leukemia and others don’t.
T/F
F
It’s not
HTLV-1
Symptoms and how it develops are the same for everyone
T/F
F
There is a cure or treatment for HTLV-1.
F
There isn’t a cure or treatment for HTLV-1. It’s a lifelong condition.
regular checkups in a HTLV-1 patient can lower their chances of cancer.
T/F
T
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Most of the time, people with EBV stay healthy and don’t have symptoms.
T/F
T
EBV is not a common virus.
T/F
F
For some, EBV can cause _____ and other more serious conditions, from _______ to _______
mononucleosis
viral meningitis to pneumonia.
Several cancers are linked with EBV as well:
______________
________ carcinoma
————— and ______ lymphoma
__-cell lymphomas
_______________ disorder
___________
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal
Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s
T
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative
Leiomyosarcoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (cancer of the _________)
upper throat
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative (too many _________)
White blood cells
Leiomyosarcoma is cancer in ________
The soft tissue
You can help protect yourself from EBV by not kissing or sharing drinks, food, or personal items with someone who has the virus.
T/F
T
There’s some specific treatment if you have EBV
T/F
F
There’s no specific treatment if you have EBV, but you can ease symptoms if you drink plenty of fluids, get rest, and take medicines for pain and fever.
HTLV1 differs from the standard ‘chronically oncogenic’ and ‘acutely oncogenic’ retroviruses in its mechanism of action;
it appears to drive cell growth through expression of a particular viral protein, ____ , in _________ cells
Tax
latently-infected
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called ——————-
Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4)
EBV
On infecting the __-lymphocyte, the linear virus genome _____ and the virus subsequently persists within the cell as an _______.
B; circularises; episome
EBV
The virus can execute several distinct programmes of virally-encoded gene expression broadly categorised as being ___ cycle or ____ cycle.
lytic; latent
The lytic cycle or ______ infection results in staged expression of a host of viral proteins with the ultimate objective of producing infectious virions. Formally, this phase of infection does not inevitably lead to ____ of the host cell as EBV virions are produced by ______ from the infected cell.
The latent cycle programmes are those that ________________
productive
lysis; budding
do not result in production of virions.
__________ , emerged as one of the first illnesses observed among those with AIDS.
AIDS-related KS
Unlike classic KS, AIDS-related KS tumours generally appear on the ______, including the ____,____,and ______.
The tumours also can appear on the _____ and ______ areas of the mouth, and in more advanced cases, they can be found in the ______ and ______, the ______ and the ———-
upper body; head, neck, and back
soft palate and gum
stomach and intestines
lymph nodes, and the lungs.
The HBV genome has four genes: ____,_____,______, and ——— that respectively encode the viral ______,______,________, and ______
pol, env, pre-core and X
DNA-polymerase, envelope protein, pre-core protein (which is processed to viral capsid) and protein X.
The function of protein X in HBV genome is ???
Actually not clear but it may be involved in the activation of host cell genes and the development of cancer.
HBV
The chances of becoming chronically infected depends upon _____.
age
HBV
About 90% of infected _____ and 50% of infected _______ will become chronically infected.
In contrast, only about 5% to 10% of ___________________ infected with HBV develop chronic hepatitis B.
neonates
young children
immunocompetent adults
Hepatocellular carcinoma
is one of the major cancer killers.
T/F
T
Hepatocellular carcinoma
It affects patients with _______ disease who have established _______ ,and currently is the most frequent cause of death in these patients.
The main risk factors for its development are ______ and ———- virus infection, ____ and _____toxin intake.
chronic liver
cirrhosis
hepatitis B and C ; alcoholism
afla
Most viruses that causes cancer are (DNA or RNA?) viruses except _____ and _______
DNA
Flaviviridae
Retrovirus
Cancer caused by the following
Epstein Barr
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HTLV-1
Human papilloma virus
JC virus
Human herpes virus 8
Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B cell lymphoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Adult T-cell leukemia
Cervical, anal, oro pharyngeal, penile
Merkel cell carcinoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Tumor viruses rarely establish persistent infections
T/F
F
They frequently do
Viruses are seldom carcinogenic on their own
T/F
T
Short periods (days) are usually required for viral carcinogenesis
T/F
F
Prolonged periods (years)
Viral strains may be different in their capacity to cause cancers Cancer
T/F
T
Viral markers are not usually present again in cancerous cells
T/F
F
They are usually present there
One virus species can be associated with only one tumor type
T/F
F
One virus species can be associated with multiple tumor types
Oncogenes
An oncogene is a gene that ___________________
has the potential to cause cancer
Normal versions of these transformed (mutated) genes are present in ______ cells and have been designated ________________
normal
proto-oncogenes.
Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation.
T/F
T
Examples of proto oncogenes include:
_____ (______ factors),
____ (_____ factors),
Sis; growth
Myc; transcription
Tumor Suppressor Genes
These are (positive or negative?) regulators of cell growth
Negative
Tumor suppressor gene
The inactivation or functional loss of (one or both?) alleles of such a gene is required for tumor formation.
Both
Tumor suppression gene
The prototype of these genes is ________________ gene. Another example is the _____ gene.
retinoblastoma (Rb)
p53
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
Highly tropic for the ______ cells of the _____ and ________
epithelial
skin and mucous membranes.
HeLa cells are______ cancer cells from _____ (actually ______)
Cervical
Helen Lang
Henrietta lacks
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
HPV causes cervical cancer (HPV ___ and ____), anal cancer, penile cancer, oropharyngeal cancer.
16 & 18
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
Cause _____ (abnormal ___________)
Replicate in ______ cells and _________ of the skin and mucosa
warts; cellular proliferation
basal stem; keratinocytes
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
Can cause diferent kinds of warts including
____ warts (1)
____ warts (3&10)
_____ warts (_____)
______________ (____)
Plantar
Flat
Genital; 6&11
Laryngeal papillomas; 6&11
HPV is believed to cause cancer by ___________ into ___________
integrating its genome into nuclear DNA.
Some of the early genes expressed by HPV, such as ____ and _____ , act as oncogenes that promote tumor growth and malignant transformation.
Integrated copies of DNA are found in cancer cells
E6 and E7
High Risk HPV: HPV ___ and ____ carry the highest cancer risk. Others are 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52 and 56.
Low Risk HPV: HPV ___,___,___,___,___, 26, 27, 29
16 and 18
1, 2,3, 6, 11
Diagnosis of HPV
•__________ alone; can be confirmed with _____
Physical exam ; PCR
Treatment of HPV
____________
______ therapy
_________
Freezing- cryotherapy
Laser
Podophyllin
Cervarix is for _____ and ____ HPV
16 and 18
Prevention of HPV
Bivalent: types ________
Gardasil (Tetravalent); types _____________
9-valent; ____,___,___,___,___,___,__,___,____.
16,18
6, 11, 16, 18.
6,11,16,18,31,33,
Girls, boys and young women and _____ usually between the ages of 9-26 should take the HPV vaccine
Also protect against genital warts and anal cancer
MSM
