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House Microbiology > STH 1 > Flashcards

STH 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Major STH (_______)

List them

A

Soul transmitted helminthiasis

ascariasis, trichuriasis & hookworm

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2
Q

Major STH

• account for a (minor or major?) burden of diseases globally

• top amongst _______________ diseases in _____-age populations of ______ countries

A

Major

all communicable &non-communicable

school

developing

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3
Q

Major STH

______ yr at highest risk or most prone to increased morbidity due to poor _________ , frequent ________, and ____-risk behaviour

• >_______ infection with ≥ ___ species

A

Less than or equal to 14

personal hygiene

outdoor exposure

high

1.5 billion
1

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4
Q

• Most common human intestinal helminthiasis is _________

A

ASCARIASIS

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5
Q

ASCARIASIS

> Commonest in ______/_______

•____,_____climes with poor sanitation

• In the temperate areas: during _____
months

A

tropics/subtropics

warm, humid

warm

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6
Q

Risk factors for ascariasis:

_____________ -eating (in Kenya);___phagy

A

Termite mound

Geo

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7
Q

The Largest human intestinal nematode
Is ??

A

Ascaris

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8
Q

Which Ascaris is bigger

Male or female

A

Female

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9
Q

Ascaris

≥ ___________ eggs/female /d >- faeces

A

200,000

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10
Q

Ascaris

In _____: fertile eggs embryonate and become infective in _________

Human inf

_______ of infective eggs. Hatched larvae goes to the _________ then heads to the ____________ to reach the _____ where it moults for ______ days before it continues to the ______ and reach bronchial tree then the _______ and back to the ________\

A

soil; days to wks.

ingestion

intestinal mucosa

portal/syst. circulation

Lungs ; 10-14; alveolar walls

throat

Small intestine

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11
Q

Pathology/Clinical features of ascaris

> Light infection is often _________; abdominal discomfort

> Pulmonary ______ migration leads to
eosinophilic pneumonitis/Loeffler’s syndrome that is characterized by (___,_____,______)

A

asymptomatic

larval

Cough, dyspneoa , hemoptysis

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12
Q

Pathology/Clinical features of ascaris

Migrating adults (female):
• symptomatic occlusion of _________;
• ______ abscesses
• ______itis or _____itis
• acute upper abdominal pain
• _____ ———-

A

biliary tract

liver

cholang; pancreat

expulsion

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13
Q

Intestinal phase of Ascaris

•generally (asymptomatic or symptomatic?)

•heavy infection is ________ and can lead to

Physiological abnormalities in small intestine:
•________ of nutrients
•nutritional _______
•_________ failure/________ especially in children
•adverse impairment of _________ in children

A

asymptomatic

Greater or equal to 20 worms

malabsorption; deficiency

Growth ; stunting

cognitive development

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14
Q

Diagnosis of Ascaris

> Microscopy (stool);eggs:

•_______/_________
•(thin or thick?) -shelled

•fertile: (_____/_____)
•unfertile: (_______/_______)
• concentration procedure recommended in (light or heavy?) infection

A

brown/yellow-brown

Thick

round/ovoid

elongate/irregular

Light

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15
Q

Death from Ascariasis is mainly in (children or adults?)

A

≥ 10,500 deathst/yr. mainly in children

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16
Q

Serious complications of Ascariasis

intestinal ________

__________ pain, vomiting

________ obstruction, or ________ diseases

_______itis; _______itis

occasionally: _______

A

obstruction

gastrointestinal

biliary tract; pancreatic

appendic; periton

intussusception

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17
Q

Diagnosis of ascariasis

Pulmonary migratory phase: (larvae or adult ?) in _____,_______

A

Larvae

sputum, gastric aspirate

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18
Q

Diagnosis of ascariasis

Adult worms:

passed occasionally in _____, through
_____, or ______
•____________________________ (ERCP)

A

stool

Mouth

Nose

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

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19
Q

Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)

> Caused by ____ of _______ roundworms (Toxocara cati & T. canis) migrating through human tissues

> Result of ________ response

A

L2

non-human

an inflammatory

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20
Q

VLM

• Characterised by: p e r s i s t e n t _________; leucocytosis; fever; _______megaly; broncho____

•symptoms due to _____________

•individuals may not develop overt clinical dis.

A

eosinophilia

hepatospleno; spasm

migrating larvae often
unrecognised

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21
Q

Hookworm infections

Aetiologic agents: 2 main human-inf. spp.:

List

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

Necator americanus

22
Q

Hookworm infections

Some animal-infection

•invade/parasitize humans: A.________ sp.

•can cause CLM : A. ______; A. _______; Uncinaria stenocephala

A

ceylanicum

braziliense; caninum

23
Q

Hookworm infections

A. caninum (larvae or adult?) : occasionally in human intestine and cause _______ that is implicated also, in __________________ (DUSN)
;

A

Larvae

eosinophilia enteritis

diffuse unilateral sub-acute neuroretinitis

24
Q

Hookworms

Occurrence: worldwide & widely overlapping; inareas with ____,_____climates

A

warm, moist

25
Q

Hookworms: Morphology & Development

In lumen of ________ (mainly _____); attached to ______

•color is ________ , but freshly expectorated worms are frequently __________

•Eggs are found in _____

A

small intestine; jejunum; villi

Greyish-white

Reddish; faeces

26
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale VS Necator Americanus

Adult female size
Adult male size

Life span in years

Number of eggs produced by females in one day

Blood loss caused by the worm in ml in one day

A

Bigger ; smaller

Bigger ; smaller

1; 3-5

10k-30k; 5k-10k

0.1-0.02

27
Q

Hookworms

____ hatch after ____ days then becomes the infective ____ after ____ days

It can survive for _______

A

LI

I-2

L3

5-10

3-4 wk

28
Q

Hookworms: Human inf

•________ entry of infective ____

•_____ ingestion of larvae & _______ route (————- only)

A

percutaneous; L3

oral

transmammary

A. duodenale

29
Q

Hookworms : life cycle

> ____ gets into the blood, then migrated to the ____ to the ____ then the ____ and the ____ to reach the ____ where it is coughed up and enters the ____

A

L3

heart

lungs

alveoli

bronchial tree

Pharynx

s/intestine

30
Q

Hookworms

Most worms eliminated in ______ years, maximum of ______ years

A

I-2

3-5

31
Q

Hookworms: Pathology/Clinical Features

• Percutaneous L3 entry: intense _______ and _______ leading to pruritic ________ ———— rash (‘_________’)

A

itching & burning

erythematous papulovesicular

ground itch

32
Q

Hookworms: Pathology/Clinical Features

> Entry (L3) ›- GIT:

______ pain; non-specific Gl symptoms e.g.,______________ (no blood, no mucus)

A

epigastric

acute watery diarrhoea

33
Q

Hookworms

Mild infection is generally (asymptomatic or asymptomatic?) ; Gl symptoms common, especially in °l inf.

Heavy infection : (≥ _____ worms):
•occurs in —————-> adults
• impair ————- in schoolchildren; malnutrition

A

asymptomatic

80

school-aged children

cognitive function

34
Q

Hookworms: Complications, especially in schoolchildren:

____-deficiency

_____cytic, ____chromic anemia

_____proteinemia

hookworm-induced blood loss: »» ____mL of blood/d

A

iron

micro; hypo

Hypo

9.0

35
Q

Hookworms

Diagnosis
> Microscopy for eggs:

______ color

oval/ellipsoidal

(Thin or thick?)-shelled

A

Colourless

thin

36
Q

Treatment for CLM: _______,________

A

Ivermectin’, Albendazole”

37
Q

CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS (CLM)

Caused by ______ of animal-infective spp

A

L2

38
Q

CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS (CLM)

Diagnosed clinically

______ detected in stained biopsy

sections frequent not recommended:
Parasites usually not found in ___________

A

Larval

visible track

39
Q

STRONGYLOIDIASIS

Aetiologic agents:

Strongyloides (the ______worm):

≥ 2 human- inf. spp.: ___________ , ____________

A

thread

Strongyloides stercoralis &S. fuelleborni

40
Q

STRONGYLOIDIASIS

Epidemiology, Risk factors & Transmission

> Common in _____,______ climes &areas with poor globally sanitation

• S. ___________ (cosmopolitan; more prevalent)

A

warm, humid

stercoralis

41
Q

__________ causes autoinfection

A

STRONGYLOIDIASIS

42
Q

S. fuelleborni: zoonosis of_______________ (______ and _____ ); human inf. in Africa &SE/Asia

A

non-human primates

baboons &chimps

43
Q

Syrongyloidiasis: Morphology & Development

It Parasitize the ________
> Only ____________ female

•threaded in ______ sub-mucosa

•found in man: release
dozens of embryonated
eggs/d »» ___

A

intestine

parthenogenetic

duodenal

LI

44
Q

Syrongyloidiasis: Complex life cycle

•_____ is voided with faeces:

Direct: to infective ____*

Non-parasitic/free-living’:-» free-living male and female ; male and female copulate to give infective L3

A

LI; L3

45
Q

Syrongyloidiasis

Auto-infection: in gut, ____ » _______

It can penetrate _______ (int. autoinf.) or ___________ (ext. autoinf.)

A

LI; L3

intestinal mucosa

perianal skin

46
Q

Syrongyloidiasis

Life cycle

L3* goes into the -_____ to the _____ then the _____ , _____, _____ and then coughed up through the _____ to enter the _____

A

skin

heart

lungs

alveoli spaces

bronchial tree

pharynx

s/intestine

47
Q

Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis

• Parasitological: requires _____ detection methods

> Standard diagnostics:
• concentration techniques (________,______)
• stool culture methods
(in _________)

• DS:
~ stools, sputum, urine, lung fluids, duodenal fluids (_____ or _______ techniques) , organ biopsies

A

special

Formol-ether, Baermann

agar plates

Enterotest string or duodenal aspiration

48
Q

S. fuelleborni eggs can be found in stools

T/F

A

T

49
Q

Pathology/Clinical Features of strongyloidiasis

•Light infection is frequently (asymptomatic or symptomatic?)

Pulmonary ____ migration: » ________ especially in (acute or chronic?) infection

A

asymptomatic

larval; Loeffler’s syndrome

Acute

50
Q

Pathology/Clinical Features of strongyloidiasis

> Autoinfection: leads to ________ infection that leads to _______ disease

A

persistent

chronic

51
Q

Pathology/Clinical Features of strongyloidiasis

Chronic symptomatic:

_ Chronic uncomplicated:
abdominal pain; diarrhoea, nausea; weight loss;other subtle non-specifics;

•Blood _______ (may be ____ in hyper infections & disseminated cases)

•Larva currens: _____, linear to serpiginous, erythematous urticarial lesion, more commonly found in the _____,________,_______,_______ and ______

A

eosinophilia; absent

pruritic

trunk, buttocks, perineum, groin, &
thighs

52
Q

Pathology/Clinical Features of strongyloidiasis

Chronic symptomatic:

Severe complicated: in immunocompromised persons

HS & DS leads to potentially life-threatening conditions: ______,________,________, abdominal pain & distension

• Bacteraemia (sometimes polymicrobial: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. fragilis, P. aeruginosa, A. faecalis)

•septicaemia, intestinal obstruction

mortality rates:____% (HS) » _____% (DS)

A

pneumonia, meningitis, shock

15

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House Microbiology (93 decks)

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