Viral Genomics Flashcards
Examples of Double stranded DNA genome that replicates with RNA intermediate
Hepatitis B
Types of viral genome
——— or ——-
____________ of viral genomes
DNAs or RNAs
Strandedness
Genomic Changes
_________
Spontaneous or _________ errors
__________
Mutation
Polymerase errors
Recombination
Types of Mutation
________
________/________
Points
Insertion/Deletions
Physical induced mutations
______ lights
_________ , _________ rays, _________ bombardment
Chemical induced mutations
_________ gas, _________ agents
_________, Hydroxylamine, _________ agents
UV lights
X-Rays , gamma rays, fast neutron
Mustard gas ; intercalating
Formaldehyde; , Alkylating agents
Phenotypic changes in mutations
________
__________ size
Mutants
Drug resistance
Plaque size
There are three methods are used for the cultivation of the viruses:
List them
Animal inoculation
Tissue culture
Embryonated egg inoculation
Animal inoculation
As the name indicates cultivation of viruses occur by using different types of animals. For e.g. _________ , _________, _________, _________.
At the end of incubation period, the animals are _________ and _________ thoroughly and viruses are obtained from them.
Monkeys, rats, rabbits ,guinea pigs.
slaughtered
washed thoroughly
Embryonated eggs( Chick embryo method)
The developing chick embryo, ________ days after fertilization, provides a variety of differentiated tissues, including the amnion, allantoic cavity, chorion, and yolk sac, which serve as substrates for growth of a wide variety of viruses, including __________ , __________ viruses, __________, __________, __________ viruses, and __________ viruses.
The shell surface is first disinfected with __________ and penetrated with a (small or large?) sterile ______.
After inoculation, the hole is sealed with __________ and the egg is then incubated at _____ 0C for required period of time.
10 to 14
orthomyxoviruses, paramyxo viruses, rhabdoviruses, togaviruses, herpes viruses, and pox viruses.
iodine ; small ; drill.
paraffin wax
36 0C
Tissue culture method
This is the method of choice routinely employed for cultivation of viruses.
a) Cell culture
Tissues, e.g., _____________ are broken up with a sterile ________ and dissociated into ________ by ________ like ________ and mechanical ________.
The cells are washed with physiological ________ and then suspended in a ________________ in the presence of blood serum or growth medium which contains a complex mixture of _________ , _________ , _________ , _________ , _________ , and factors required for the growth of normal cells.
monkey kidney ; razor
component cells
proteolytic enzyme ; trypsin
mechanical shaking ; buffer
hormones, essential amino acids, vitamins, salt, glucose
buffered nutrient medium
In preparing a tissue cell culture, _________ are also added for preventing bacterial contamination. The commonly used medium is _______ or _______ balanced salt solution.
Cell suspension is placed in tissue culture vessel, petri dish, etc and incubated.
Antibiotics
Hanks ; Earles
Under the conditions of a tissue cell culture , cells will adhere to the __________________ , and they will divide and migrate until ______________________________________ .
This _________ , sheet of the cells remains viable and is known as ______or _________.
surface of the dish
the surface of the dish is covered with a single layer of cells.
monolayer
cell line ; cell culture.
Primary cell culture:- A primary cell culture is defined as a culture of cells obtained from the ___________ that have been cultivated in vitro for the ______ time, and that have not been ____________.
These are normal cells freshly taken from the body and culture it in.
original tissue
first time
subcultured.
Primary cell culture
For Example: Primary cell culture in monkey’s kidney, ____________ and _____________ is used.
chick embryo eggs
human embryonic kidney
Primary cell culture
It is mainly used for cultivation of viruses for the _____________ and rarely used for _____________
vaccine production
isolation of viruses.
Diploid cell culture
These are cells of single type that retain their original ____________________ number.
They are capable of _________ divisions before dying.
It is mainly used for _______________ and occasionally for the ______________ .
diploid chromosomal number.
50-100 divisions
isolation of viruses
vaccine production.
Continuous cell line
These are single types of cell usually derived from _________ cells.
These cells are capable of an _________ number of divisions, e.g., _______ cell line, ________ cell line, etc.
cancer cells.
infinite
HeLa cell line, Hep-2 cell line
HeLa cells have been derived from ___________________ from lady named ______________ who had died from ______________.
This cell line is also known as HeLa cell line and still maintained in the laboratory.
It is mainly used for the ________________.
HeLa cell line (Henritta Lacks) is readily available and easy to propagate serially.
carcinoma of cervix
Heneritta Lacks
cervical cancer.
isolation of viruses.
Detection of viral growth in cell culture
The viral replication or growth in cell culture is determined by following methods:
list 5
- Cytopathic effect (CPE):
- Metabolic inhibition:-
- Haemadsorption:
- Immunofluorescence:
- Interference:
