HIGH YIELD Flashcards
what are the primary deficiencies?
dietary inadequacies
what are the secondary deficiencies?
malabsorption
impaired nutrition
excess nutrient loss
increased need for nutrietns
nutritional diseases affect affluent societies how?
ignorance poverty chronic alcoholism acute and chronic diseases self-imposed dietary restrictions
name it:
severe protein calorie malnutrition amenorrhea cold intolerance, bradycardia, hair and skin changes anemia osteoporosis
hypoalbuminemia
lymphopenia
decrease thyroid hormone
decrease GnRH, LH, FSH
increased risk of sudden death
anorexia nervosa
not enough adipose tissue thus affecting menstruation and ovulation
decrease GnRH, LH, FSH
amenorrhea
binging followed by induced vomiting
amenorrhea/menstrual irregularities
electrolyte abnormalities
pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents (not severe cachexia)
bulimia
what is the percent increase that is felt to impart a health risk?
20% increase
this regulates food intake as well as energy expenditure?
what are the obesity genes identified?
lipostat
LEP gene, leptin is the product
what neurohumoral mechanisms affect energy balance?
peripheral (afferent) system arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus) -leptin -adiponectin -insulin -peptide YY
arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus), efferent sys
- POMC/CART
- NPY/AgRP
these neurons activate efferent neurons that enhance energy expenditure and weightloss?
POMC/CART
neurons activate efferent neurons that promote food intake & weight gain?
NPY/AgRP
what are the fat accumulation measurements?
body mass index
skinfold measurements
various body circumferences
body mass index (BMI)
18.5-25 kg/m2
25-30 kg/m2
>30 kg/m2
normal
overweight
obese
what type of distribution of fat has a higher risk for several diseases?
central (visceral) obesity
complications of obesity?
type II DM hyperlipidemia cancers steatohepatitis cholelithiasis hypoventilation syndrome degenerative joint disease increased markers of infl
what are the 2 main protein compartments in the body?
somatic protein compartment-skeletal muscle
measurement: reduced circumference of the mid-arm***
visceral protein compartment-visceral organs like the liver
measurement: serum albumin, total protein, and transferrin
name this disease?
results from a diet deficient in total calories
proteins, fats, carbs fall to 60% of normal
what protein compartments are broken down?
marasmus
somatic protein compartment with relative sparing of visceral protein-muscle wasting
major clinical features/morphology of marasmus?
clinical features muscle atrophy*** loss of subcutaneous fat stunted growth alerted and hungry
morphology
growth failure
loss of body fat
hypoplastic bone marrow
name this disease?
deficient of protein and high in carbs
loss of protein in the visceral compartment
kwashiorkor
major clinical features/morphology of kwashiokor?
apathy generalized edema skin and hair changes -flag sign (pigment loss) -dermatosis
enlarged fatty liver
generalized visceral atrophy
thymic atrophy
name this disease?
common in chronically ill or hospitalized patients
cancer cachexia attribute to secondary PEM
secondary PEM
