HIGH YIELD

Question 1

what are the primary deficiencies?

Answer 1

dietary inadequacies

Question 2

what are the secondary deficiencies?

Answer 2

malabsorption
impaired nutrition
excess nutrient loss
increased need for nutrietns

Question 3

nutritional diseases affect affluent societies how?

Answer 3

ignorance
poverty
chronic alcoholism
acute and chronic diseases
self-imposed dietary restrictions

Question 4

name it:

severe protein calorie malnutrition
amenorrhea
cold intolerance, bradycardia, hair and skin changes 
anemia
osteoporosis 

hypoalbuminemia
lymphopenia
decrease thyroid hormone
decrease GnRH, LH, FSH

increased risk of sudden death

Answer 4

anorexia nervosa

Question 5

not enough adipose tissue thus affecting menstruation and ovulation

decrease GnRH, LH, FSH

Answer 5

amenorrhea

Question 6

binging followed by induced vomiting

amenorrhea/menstrual irregularities
electrolyte abnormalities
pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents (not severe cachexia)

Answer 6

bulimia

Question 7

what is the percent increase that is felt to impart a health risk?

Answer 7

20% increase

Question 8

this regulates food intake as well as energy expenditure?

what are the obesity genes identified?

Answer 8

lipostat

LEP gene, leptin is the product

Question 9

what neurohumoral mechanisms affect energy balance?

Answer 9

peripheral (afferent) system
arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus)
-leptin
-adiponectin
-insulin
-peptide YY

arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus), efferent sys

• POMC/CART
• NPY/AgRP

Question 10

these neurons activate efferent neurons that enhance energy expenditure and weightloss?

Answer 10

POMC/CART

Question 11

neurons activate efferent neurons that promote food intake & weight gain?

Answer 11

NPY/AgRP

Question 12

what are the fat accumulation measurements?

Answer 12

body mass index
skinfold measurements
various body circumferences

Question 13

body mass index (BMI)

18.5-25 kg/m2
25-30 kg/m2
>30 kg/m2

Answer 13

normal
overweight
obese

Question 14

what type of distribution of fat has a higher risk for several diseases?

Answer 14

central (visceral) obesity

Question 15

complications of obesity?

Answer 15

type II DM
hyperlipidemia
cancers
steatohepatitis
cholelithiasis
hypoventilation syndrome
degenerative joint disease
increased markers of infl

Question 16

what are the 2 main protein compartments in the body?

Answer 16

somatic protein compartment-skeletal muscle
measurement: reduced circumference of the mid-arm***

visceral protein compartment-visceral organs like the liver
measurement: serum albumin, total protein, and transferrin

Question 17

name this disease?

results from a diet deficient in total calories

proteins, fats, carbs fall to 60% of normal

what protein compartments are broken down?

Answer 17

marasmus

somatic protein compartment with relative sparing of visceral protein-muscle wasting

Question 18

major clinical features/morphology of marasmus?

Answer 18

clinical features
muscle atrophy***
loss of subcutaneous fat
stunted growth
alerted and hungry

morphology
growth failure
loss of body fat
hypoplastic bone marrow

Question 19

name this disease?

deficient of protein and high in carbs

loss of protein in the visceral compartment

Answer 19

kwashiorkor

Question 20

major clinical features/morphology of kwashiokor?

Answer 20

apathy
generalized edema
skin and hair changes
-flag sign (pigment loss)
-dermatosis

enlarged fatty liver
generalized visceral atrophy
thymic atrophy

Question 21

name this disease?

common in chronically ill or hospitalized patients

cancer cachexia attribute to secondary PEM

Answer 21

secondary PEM