HIGH YIELD

Question 1

main purpose of urinalysis?

Answer 1

monitor disturbances in which renal function is normal

monitor renal disease

Question 2

color of urine is due to?

Answer 2

urochrome pigments

Question 3

normal odor of urine is due to? fruity odor indicates?

Answer 3

volatile acids

disease state

Question 4

is odor diagnostically significant for urine?

Answer 4

F, its not

Question 5

cloudy urine, turbidity of urine indicates?

Answer 5

phosphate precipitation

WBCs, RBCs, bacteria or mucus

Question 6

routine urinalysis measures?

whats it composed of, 2 things?

Answer 6

protein
glucose
ketones
blood, hemoglobin, hemosiderin, myoglobin
bilirubin

physics-chemical determinations (appearance) and bright field/phase contrast microscopic examination of urine sediment (casts, cells and crystals)

Question 7

normal specific gravity of the kidneys?

in increased what happens? decreased? fixed?

Answer 7

1.003-1.035

dehydration, glycosuria, proteinuria; compulsive water drinking, diabetes insipidus; inability to dilute or concentrate the urine

Question 8

methods of measurement measuring the specific gravity of urine?

*which one is the indirect method?

Answer 8

reagent strip*
refractometer
urinometer
falling drop method

Question 9

what is an important indicator of renal disease

also, elevated levels of protein indicates? mildly elevated?

Answer 9

proteinuria

glomerular damage
tubular damage

Question 10

protein is detected how?

what isn’t detected by reagent strips?

Answer 10

reagent strips that measure albumin

bence jones proteins (false negative)

Question 11

the presence of glucose in urine is called?

Answer 11

glycosuria

Question 12

glucosuria and hyperglycemia may be seen in disease states other than DM like?

Answer 12

acromegaly
Cushings syndrome
hyperadrenocortism
pancreatic tumors

Question 13

what are the three types of ketone bodies? most common*

what detects acetoacetic?

vomiting, cachexia and occurring in children and infants indicates what kind of disease?

Answer 13

acetoacetic acid (20%)*
acetone (2%)
beta-hydroxybutyrate (78%)

test strips

non-diabetic ketouria

Question 14

examples of indirect tests for UTI?

Answer 14

nitrite

leukocyte esterase
-detects pyuria not infection

Question 15

increased number of intact RBCs indicates an increase in what else?

Answer 15

RBC casts are present

Question 16

when casts of RBC or WBC are present, what does the pathologic process involve?

Answer 16

renal parenchyma (bleeding or infection)

Question 17

when leukocytes are present with leukocyte casts what does this mean?

Answer 17

renal in origin

Question 18

leukocytes increased with?

Answer 18

infection
glomerulonephritis
SLE
interstitial nephritis
calculous disease
bladder tumor

Question 19

what are the two types of renal casts?

Answer 19

physiological

pathological

Question 20

what is this renal cast type?

hyaline and fine granular casts

• composed of Tamm-Horsfall protein
• 0-2 casts per low power field considered normal
• Increased numbers seen with: exercise, dehydration

Answer 20

physiological renal casts

Question 21

what is this renal cast type?

RBC casts
leukocytic
renal tubular epithelial
waxy
fatty casts

Answer 21

pathological renal casts

Question 22

normal crystals are normal or abnormal?

examples of pathological crystals?

Answer 22

normal

cystine, cholesterol, tyrosine/leucine, bilirubin