HIGH YIELD Flashcards
main purpose of urinalysis?
monitor disturbances in which renal function is normal
monitor renal disease
color of urine is due to?
urochrome pigments
normal odor of urine is due to? fruity odor indicates?
volatile acids
disease state
is odor diagnostically significant for urine?
F, its not
cloudy urine, turbidity of urine indicates?
phosphate precipitation
WBCs, RBCs, bacteria or mucus
routine urinalysis measures?
whats it composed of, 2 things?
protein glucose ketones blood, hemoglobin, hemosiderin, myoglobin bilirubin
physics-chemical determinations (appearance) and bright field/phase contrast microscopic examination of urine sediment (casts, cells and crystals)
normal specific gravity of the kidneys?
in increased what happens? decreased? fixed?
1.003-1.035
dehydration, glycosuria, proteinuria; compulsive water drinking, diabetes insipidus; inability to dilute or concentrate the urine
methods of measurement measuring the specific gravity of urine?
*which one is the indirect method?
reagent strip*
refractometer
urinometer
falling drop method
what is an important indicator of renal disease
also, elevated levels of protein indicates? mildly elevated?
proteinuria
glomerular damage
tubular damage
protein is detected how?
what isn’t detected by reagent strips?
reagent strips that measure albumin
bence jones proteins (false negative)
the presence of glucose in urine is called?
glycosuria
glucosuria and hyperglycemia may be seen in disease states other than DM like?
acromegaly
Cushings syndrome
hyperadrenocortism
pancreatic tumors
what are the three types of ketone bodies? most common*
what detects acetoacetic?
vomiting, cachexia and occurring in children and infants indicates what kind of disease?
acetoacetic acid (20%)*
acetone (2%)
beta-hydroxybutyrate (78%)
test strips
non-diabetic ketouria
examples of indirect tests for UTI?
nitrite
leukocyte esterase
-detects pyuria not infection
increased number of intact RBCs indicates an increase in what else?
RBC casts are present
when casts of RBC or WBC are present, what does the pathologic process involve?
renal parenchyma (bleeding or infection)
when leukocytes are present with leukocyte casts what does this mean?
renal in origin
leukocytes increased with?
infection glomerulonephritis SLE interstitial nephritis calculous disease bladder tumor
what are the two types of renal casts?
physiological
pathological
what is this renal cast type?
hyaline and fine granular casts
- composed of Tamm-Horsfall protein
- 0-2 casts per low power field considered normal
- Increased numbers seen with: exercise, dehydration
physiological renal casts
what is this renal cast type?
RBC casts leukocytic renal tubular epithelial waxy fatty casts
pathological renal casts
normal crystals are normal or abnormal?
examples of pathological crystals?
normal
cystine, cholesterol, tyrosine/leucine, bilirubin
