HIGH YIELD

Question 1

what are the different types of kidney disease?

Answer 1

nephritic syndrome
chronic kidney disease
acute kidney injury
renal tubular defects

Question 2

what is the renal cortex comprised of?

Answer 2

glomerulus

• fenestra
• type IV collagen, forms scaffold for there glycoproteins to attach
• visceal epithelial cells
• mesangial cells

Question 3

there are foot processes and filtration slits that contain transmembrane glycoprotein; crucial role in maintaining selective permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 3

visceral epithelial cells

Question 4

these cell types support the glomerular turft

• contractile
• phagocytic

Answer 4

mesangial cells

Question 5

T/F, the more cationic, the less permeable?

Answer 5

F, more permeable

Question 6

patient has this syndrome with these s/s? also, inflammatory or noninflammatory?

acute renal failure
oliguria
hematuria
mild to moderate proteinura
hypertension

Answer 6

nephritic syndrome

inflammatory

Question 7

this type of kidney disease?

presence of diminished GFR that is persistently <60mL/min/1.73mm^3 for at least 3 months

persistent albuminuria which may present with a silent decline in renal excretory function

Answer 7

chronic kidney disease

Question 8

chronic kidney disease is the same as chronic renal failure?

Answer 8

true

Question 9

what are the 4 stages of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 9

diminished renal reserve
renal insufficiency
renal failure
end stage renal disease

Question 10

name this stage of chronic kidney disease?

GFR less than 50% normal

serum BUN and Cr are normal

Answer 10

diminished renal reserve

Question 11

name this stage of chronic kidney disease?

GFR is 20-50% of normal

azotemia present-increased nitrogen products in blood

anemia, polyuria, nocturia, HTN

Answer 11

renal insufficiency

Question 12

name this stage of chronic kidney disease?

GFR is less than 20-50% of normal

edema, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia

overt uremia may be present

Answer 12

renal failure

Question 13

name this stage of chronic kidney disease?

GFR <5% normal
terminal stage of uremia (azotemia + clinical symptoms)

Answer 13

end stage renal disease (terminal)

Question 14

affect of renal failure on calcium, phosphate, and bone?

Answer 14

overall decrease in bone density due to absorption/secretion problems leading to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy

Question 15

glomerular disease presents as?

main mechanisms?

Answer 15

hypercellularity
basement membrane thickening
hyalinosis
sclerosis

immune mechanisms (antibody related)

• injury by antibodies reacting in situ within the glomerulus
• injury resulting from deposition of soluble circulating antigen antibody complexes

Question 16

in situ immune complex deposition due glomerular disease examples?

*pattern of immunofluorescence?

Answer 16

Anti-GBM nephritis (good pasture syndrome), linear patterns of immunofluorescence

Heymann nephritis (in situ immune complex nephritis)

linear*

Question 17

circulating immune complex nephritis?

*pattern of immunofluorescence?

Answer 17

glomerulus is endogenous or exogenous and the antigen-antibody complexes become trapped in the glomerulus

granular*

Question 18

glomerular disease can incite the mediators or immune injury, what are some examples?

*epithelial cell injury occurs, T/F?

Answer 18

activation of complement which incites inflammatory response*

membrane attack complex (C5b-C9)*

monocytes and macrophages

platelets

*T

Question 19

general progression of glomerular disease?

histology characteristics?

Answer 19

once enough functioning nephrons are destroyed to reduce GFR to 30-50% of normal, than we see progression to ESRD

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

tubulointerstitial fibrosis

Question 20

most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, most common being between 2-6 years old

diffuse effacement of foot processes of visceral epithelial cells in glomeruli that appear virtually normal by light microscopy

Answer 20

lipoid nephrosis (minimal change disease)