Chapter 9: Vitamin-like substances

Question 1

these are related to vitamins based on chemical structure but do not perform the function of a true vitamin

Answer 1

vitamin-like substances

Question 2

vitamin-like substances

a sulfur-containing fat-soluble substance that participates in carbohydrate metabolism converting pyruvic acid to acetyl acid

Answer 2

lipoic acid

Question 3

vitamin-like substances

not yet been established that the substance is a dietary essential for humans

Answer 3

lipoic acid

Question 4

vitamin-like substances

part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

required for the synthesis of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, choline plasmogen, and sphingomyelin), that are important components of all cell membranes

Answer 4

choline

Question 5

vitamin-like substances

the compound is distributed widely in foods and can be synthesized in the body from serine and methionine

Answer 5

choline

Question 6

vitamin-like substances

deficiency include liver damage

Answer 6

choline

Question 7

vitamin-like substances

toxicity may cause body odor, sweating, reduced growth and low bp

Answer 7

choline

Question 8

sources are

whole eggs, milk, quinoa, broccoli, caviar, fish, shiitake mushrooms, soybeans, wheat germ, chicken and turkey

Answer 8

choline

Question 9

sources are

tissues rich in mitochondria (e.g., red meats, liver, heart, kidney) or chloroplasts (i.e., spinach, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, peas, tomatoes, potatoes, rice bran).

Answer 9

lipoic acid

Question 10

vitamin-like substances

needed for the integrity of cellular and intracellular membrane

Answer 10

myoinositol

Question 11

vitamin-like substances

widely distributed in both plant foods and animal products

Answer 11

myoinositol

Question 12

vitamin-like substances

the compound can be synthesized in many body tissues from glucose

Answer 12

myoinositol

Question 13

vitamin-like substances

components of cellular and intracellular membranes

myoinositol seems to regulate certain aspects of membrane-related metabolism

Answer 13

inositol phospholipids

Question 14

vitamin-like substances

not a dietary essential since it can be synthesized in the liver and kidneys from lysine and methionine

Answer 14

carnitine

Question 15

vitamin-like substances

it is an essential substance needed to transport long-chain fatty acids into the cell’s mitochondria where they are oxidized to provide energy

this function makes this vitamin vital to the survival of premature infants

Answer 15

carnitine

Question 16

vitamin-like substances

vitamin source of human and cow’s milk

Answer 16

carnitine

Question 17

vitamin-like substances

a generic name for the lipid-like substances found in all cells

Answer 17

coenzyme q

Question 18

vitamin-like substances

coenzyme q is also known as

Answer 18

ubiquinone

Question 19

ubiquinone is also known as

Answer 19

coenzyme q

Question 20

vitamin-like substances

it is concentrated in the mitochondria, where energy synthesis takes place

place an important role in the respiratory chain where energy from nutrients is trapped within atp

Answer 20

coenzyme q/ubiquinone

Question 21

vitamin-like substances

sulfur-containing amino acid derived from cysteine, which has an essential role in regulating the activity of the nervous system, particularly the retina of the eye

Answer 21

taurine

Question 22

vitamin-like substances

involved in the absorption of fat

its different chemical structure does not enable the compound to incorporate into proteins; it is unable to become a part of a peptide or protein molecule

Answer 22

taurine

Question 23

vitamin-like substances

infants are able to form conjugates between bile salts, and taurine and glycine, which aid in fat absorption

in the case of small preterm infants, the addition of supplementary taurine results in a more efficient absorption of fat

Answer 23

taurine

Question 24

carnitine can be synthesized in

Answer 24

liver and kidney